The EC Commission's white paper on environmental liability

“…These systems, while being simple, are confused and random in terms of the level of comprehensiveness. (42) In addition, complaints can be used as a justification for retaliating against dissatisfied people or as a tool in the hands of employers to punish those who have complained. Complaint-oriented systems have been modified by using methods such as toll-free numbers for filing complaints and mechanisms that allow filing complaints anonymously.…”

Section: -Designing Punishmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Changes in the Foundations (Privatization and Collectivization) of Civil Liability in the Environmental Damage Laws of Iran and the European Union

HOSSEIN VALIZADEH et al.

2023

RLJ

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In the current research, the evolutions of collective and privatized civil liability due to environmental damages have been investigated in the laws of Iran and the European Union. The substantive changes can be seen as "privatization" and "collectivism" of civil liability caused by environmental damages. On the other hand, formal changes can be considered as "absolutism and absolutism" of civil liability caused by environmental damage and "evolution in the system of proof and proof of claims regarding civil liability caused by environmental damage". In fact, it should be said that due to the importance of environmental damages and the very destructive effects and consequences that these damages bring to people's daily lives, many legal systems have tended to identify the criterion of fault to realize civil responsibility. caused by environmentally damaging behaviors, which naturally puts the onus of proving harmful behavior on the judicial authority and can create many difficulties for the judicial authorities in this field, the identification of pure civil liability, which in fact, is a return to the risk criterion can be considered, the duty of proving the commission of harmful behavior and the occurrence of loss has been removed from the responsibility of the judicial authority, and this time, the occurrence of loss and the commission of harmful behavior is assumed, and it is the defendant or accused of committing this behavior who must prove such He has not committed any behavior basically or he has not committed it with the intention of causing harm. This can be seen as the most important development that the civil liability system due to environmental damage has experienced in the European Union. The current type of research is fundamental and its approach is descriptive-analytical, its method is a library study and the tool for collecting information is also a survey.

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“…Unlike current mining operations in which the operating company is often legally responsible for managing the environmental consequences of its actions, there is no such clear line of accountably with historically contaminated sites (Commission of the European Communities, 1993;Larson, 2005;Wilde, 2001). Orefields, by their very nature, are commonly associated with high background (non-anthropogenically derived) metal concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial mining heritage and the legacy of environmental pollution in the Derbyshire Derwent catchment: Quantifying contamination at a regional scale and developing integrated strategies for management of the wider historic environment

Kossoff

Hudson‐Edwards

Howard

et al. 2016

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site (DVMWHS) exemplifies and records the 18 th century birth of the factory or mill technology, and for the industrial spinning of cotton. The site is therefore a key global heritage asset. The Derbyshire Derwent catchment also contains another significant cultural asset with a long history -that of mining and, in particular, lead (Pb) mining. In this paper research on mining-and non-mining related Pb contamination of the Derwent catchment is reviewed and used to identify the risks it poses to the DVMWHS.

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The EC Commission's white paper on environmental liability

Cited by 5 publications

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EU Environmental Law, International Environmental Law, and Human Rights Law

EU Environmental Law, International Environmental Law, and Human Rights Law

Investigating Changes in the Foundations (Privatization and Collectivization) of Civil Liability in the Environmental Damage Laws of Iran and the European Union

Industrial mining heritage and the legacy of environmental pollution in the Derbyshire Derwent catchment: Quantifying contamination at a regional scale and developing integrated strategies for management of the wider historic environment

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