The eccentric muscle loading influences the pacing strategies during repeated downhill sprint intervals

Baron, Bertrand; Deruelle, Fabien; Moullan, Farouck; Dalleau, Georges; Verkindt, Chantal; Noakes, Timothy D.

doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0957-6

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Once exercise begins, neural efferent motor command is continuously regulated based on interoceptive,15–17 proprioceptive18 and exteroceptive19 information in relation to predicted ‘templates’20 and homeostatic set-points 21 22. Critically, motor command is further adjustable by a host of centrally acting performance modifiers 23 24…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

2017

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The Central Governor Model (CGM) ignited a paradigm shift from concepts of catastrophic failure towards central regulation of exercise performance. However, the CGM has focused on the central integration of afferent feedback in homeostatic control. Accordingly, it neglected the important role of volitional self-regulatory control and the integration of affective components inherently attached to all physiological cues. Another limitation is the large reliance on the Gestalt phenomenon of perceived exertion. Thus, progress towards a comprehensive multidimensional model of perceived fatigability and exercise regulation is needed. Drawing on Gate Control Theory of pain, we propose a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour, which differentiates between sensory, affective and cognitive processes shaping the perceptual milieu during exercise. We propose that: (A) perceived mental strain and perceived physical strain are primary determinants of pacing behaviour reflecting sensory-discriminatory processes necessary to align planned behaviour with current physiological state, (B) core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in exercise and performance regulation, and its underlying two dimensions hedonicity and arousal reflect affective-motivational processes triggering approach and avoidance behaviour, and (C) the mindset-shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in volitional self-regulatory control reflecting cognitive-evaluative processes between further goal-pursuit and goal-disengagement. The proposed framework has the potential to enrich theory development in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour by emphasising the multidimensional dynamic processes underpinning perceived fatigability and provides a practical outline for investigating the complex interplay between the psychophysiological determinants of pacing and performance during prolonged endurance exercise.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, it has been shown that information from various sites and systems, such as muscle glycogen content,15 core temperature,92 hypoxia93 and eccentric muscle loading,18 are all related to alterations in pacing behaviour well in advance of critical homeostatic disturbances.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

2017

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“…Therefore, using this integrative teleoanticipatory control algorithm,4 muscle power output would be continuously modified throughout the exercise bout by altering the number of skeletal muscle motor units recruited during exercise, thereby continuously varying the work rate and metabolic demand 15. These mechanisms correspond to the unconscious part of the process 15 17 18 23…”

Section: The Central Governor Model Of Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve this, athletes must accept more severe discomfort caused by the earlier onset of disturbances in physiological homeostasis and energy storage 5. Thus, motivation may improve unconscious control of physiological homeostasis as described in the CGM 15 18 23. An all-out strategy also means that the athlete must accept a high level of unpleasant sensations, involving the conscious control of the exercise intensity.…”

Section: The Role Of Affective Responses and Motivation In Determininmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of emotions on pacing strategies and performance in middle and long duration sport events

Baron¹,

Moullan²,

et al. 2009

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Thepacing strategy may be defined as the process in which the total energy expenditure during exercise is regulated on a moment-to-moment basis in order to ensure that the exercise bout can be completed in a minimum time and without a catastrophic biological failure. Experienced athletes develop a stable template of the power outputs they are able to sustain for different durations of exercise, but it is not known how they originally develop this template or how that template changes with training and experience. While it is understood that the athlete's physiological state makes an important contribution to this process, there has been much less interest in the contribution that the athlete's emotional status makes. The aim of this review is to evaluate the literature of physiological, neurophysiological and perceptual responses during exercise in order to propose a complex model interpretation of this process which may be a critical factor determining success in middle- and long-duration sporting competitions. We describe unconscious/physiological and conscious/emotional mechanisms of control, the focus of which are to ensure that exercise terminates before catastrophic failure occurs in any bodily system. We suggest that training sessions teach the athlete to select optimal pacing strategies by associating a level of emotion with the ability to maintain that pace for exercise of different durations. That pacing strategy is then adopted in future events. Finally, we propose novel perspectives to maximise performance and to avoid overtraining by paying attention also to the emotional state in training process.

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“…Thus, fatigue may provide the cognitive system with a signal that encourages the organism to lower present goals and/or seek lower effort alternative strategies (Perrey et al, 2010). In spite of being accepted by some research groups (Marino, 2010;Baron et al, 2009;Flouris & Cheung, 2009;Castle et al, 2006), this model has been criticized by others (Ament & Verkerke, 2009;Shephard, 2009). As discussed later in this chapter, our group has been working with a conception of fatigue that goes in this direction.…”

Section: Fatigue As a Defense Mechanism During Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

The Involvement of Brain Monoamines in the Onset of Hyperthermic Central Fatigue

Coimbra¹,

Soares²,

Leite³

2012

An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury

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The eccentric muscle loading influences the pacing strategies during repeated downhill sprint intervals

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: a narrative review

The role of emotions on pacing strategies and performance in middle and long duration sport events

The Involvement of Brain Monoamines in the Onset of Hyperthermic Central Fatigue

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