The Ecological Significance of the Color Phases of Colias Chrysotheme in North America

Hovanitz, William

doi:10.2307/1930761

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Hoffmann (1974) interprets this as reflecting relaxation of selection for canalization of the phenotype in the northern parts of the range of C. eurytheme, which may be spreading northward in response to agricultural practices. This explanation is inherently weak, especially as Hoffmann has been unable to explain satisfactorily the rarity of the intermediate phenotypes in spring, or to tie these phenomena to the seasonal change in the frequency of "alba" noted by Scudder (1889) and Hovanitz (1944) and many other observers. Parallel phenotypes occur with the same seasonality in other Colias, including the Palaearctic C. croceus, which is not especially closely related to C. eurytheme but has a very similar autecology.…”

Section: The Genus Conasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Polyphenism

Shapiro

1976

Evolutionary Biology

211

232

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Section: The Genus Conasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Polyphenism

Shapiro

1976

Evolutionary Biology

211

232

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“…Color polymorphism in butterflies has been extensively studied along geographic and environmental gradients, such as variation across latitude (Hovanitz, ), longitude (Obara et al ., ), altitude (Tuomaala et al ., ), level of ultraviolet radiation (Meyer‐Rochow & Järvilehto, ), temperature, and/or photoperiod (Hazel & West, ). Furthermore, ultraviolet coloration of butterflies may also be influenced by the quality of food ingested during their larval development (Knuttel & Fiedler, ; Kemp, ; Rutowski et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV reflectance is associated with environmental conditions in Palaearctic Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

et al. 2017

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The subject of our investigation was the visual features of wing color with special focus on the UV reflectance in the green-veined white butterfly (Pieris napi). Previous studies had concluded that UV reflectance on dorsal wing surfaces is found only in the female P. napi. Based on UV sensitive photography, we analyzed a correlation between 12 geographic and environmental factors and UV reflectance patterns on 3 patches on the forewings of 407 P. napi specimens from the Palaearctic region. Results had shown that females significantly differ from males: they exhibit a 25% higher UV reflectance. To investigate whether and how UV reflectance levels on the forewings and hindwings of both sexes are influenced by the environment, we performed a principal component analysis (PCA) with several environmental variables. For several variables (in particular, latitude and longitude, mean annual temperature and precipitation, and temperature annual range and altitude), the generalized linear model (GLM) model revealed a significant correlation in both sexes. This suggests a link between UV reflectance levels and the environment and distribution of P. napi. We found that stronger UV reflectance is associated with generally more hostile environments and concluded that large-scale environmental factors influence the UV reflectance on the forewings of both male and female green-veined white butterflies.

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“…THE ALFALFA CATERPILLAR, Colias philodice eurytheme^Boisduvëil, is a native insect described from California about four years before the introduction of alfalfa (Boisduval, 1852;Hendry, 1925). 4 Originally, its distribution was restricted to the western portion of North America, but with removal of the forest and grass cover and the planting of alfalfa in other areas, the geo graphical distribution was greatly extended (Hovanitz, 1944(Hovanitz, , 1945Gerould, 1946;Smith and Allen, 1954). At present, Colias is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans and from southern Canada to southern Mexico (Hovanitz, 1944(Hovanitz, ,1950.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Originally, its distribution was restricted to the western portion of North America, but with removal of the forest and grass cover and the planting of alfalfa in other areas, the geo graphical distribution was greatly extended (Hovanitz, 1944(Hovanitz, , 1945Gerould, 1946;Smith and Allen, 1954). At present, Colias is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans and from southern Canada to southern Mexico (Hovanitz, 1944(Hovanitz, ,1950. Before the introduction of alfalfa into California, the alfalfa caterpillar probably occurred in low numbers over much of the state on a variety of native legumes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting egg production and oviposition in populations ofColias philodice eurythemeBoisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Stern¹,

Smith²

1960

Hilg

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Populations of the alfalfa caterpillar, Colias philodice eurytheme Boisduval, reach very high numbers during the more favorable summer months in California. This study was conducted to determine the important factors affecting egg production and oviposition, and their corresponding effects on population trends of this insect. The reproductive system of the female does not differ greatly from those of other Lepidoptera with two genital apertures. Mating usually occurs a few hours after emergence, and involves the passage of a spermatophore which is formed in the female from the glandular secretions of the male.Oogenesis is largely controlled by temperature although some sugar is also required for the maturation of a large number of eggs. Adult food is more important in its effect on oogenesis than on oviposition. Temperature is generally more critical than humidity, light intensity, or food in controlling the oviposition rates of Colias philodice eurysbeme, The optimum body temperature for high rates of oviposition appears to be 32°C. The upper and lower thermal limits of body temperature for oviposition are 46°C and 21°C, respectively. The optimum humidity for a high oviposition rate ranges from 26 to 45 per cent. At the higher and lower temperatures, any effect that humidity may have on oviposition is masked by the effects' of temperature.A female may lay as many as 1,172 eggs, but the average is about 715. Under field conditions, these numbers are probably seldom realized. The sex ratio usually favors the male.' In order to determine the reproductive potential of a population, the age, fat body content, and number of matings of various classes of the population must be determined by dissection.

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The Ecological Significance of the Color Phases of Colias Chrysotheme in North America

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

Seasonal Polyphenism

Seasonal Polyphenism

UV reflectance is associated with environmental conditions in Palaearctic Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Factors affecting egg production and oviposition in populations ofColias philodice eurythemeBoisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

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