The Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution of Periodical Cicadas

Williams, Kathy S.; Simon, Chris

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.001413

Cited by 304 publications

(208 citation statements)

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“…By contrast, there was no increase in population size for the Decula group. This difference in the demographic history corresponds with the fact that except in some southern populations, today Decula is generally rare compared with Decim and Cassini (8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The prolonged, primenumbered life cycles were hypothesized to have evolved in response to Pleistocene climatic cooling (9, 11) to avoid the adverse effect of low population density on mating success (9, 12, 13). Another view hypothesized that the long synchronized life cycles evolved in association with the predator avoidance strategy (2,4,8) and that this took place before both the glacial periods and the split of the three species groups (10) based on approximate genetic distances among species groups (8). To test these hypotheses, phylogenetic information about the relationships of species, broods, and populations is essential.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…life-cycle shift | nurse brood | parallel evolution | speciation P eriodical cicadas (Magicicada) in the eastern United States represent one of the most spectacular life history and population phenomena in nature (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). These periodical cicadas spend most of their lives (13 y in the south, 17 y in the north) as underground juveniles except for a brief 2-to 4-wk period when adults emerge simultaneously in massive numbers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test these hypotheses, phylogenetic information about the relationships of species, broods, and populations is essential. However, phylogenetic studies of Magicicada have been largely limited to the Decim group (6,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), and only rough divergence times among species have been inferred (8,10). Thus, a comprehensive molecular phylogeny covering all of the extant broods, their phylogeography, and divergence time has been lacking until now.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Independent divergence of 13- and 17-y life cycles among three periodical cicada lineages

Sota

Yamamoto

Cooley

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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The evolution of 13-and 17-y periodical cicadas (Magicicada) is enigmatic because at any given location, up to three distinct species groups (Decim, Cassini, Decula) with synchronized life cycles are involved. Each species group is divided into one 13-and one 17-y species with the exception of the Decim group, which contains two 13-y species-13-y species are Magicicada tredecim, Magicicada neotredecim, Magicicada tredecassini, and Magicicada tredecula; and 17-y species are Magicicada septendecim, Magicicada cassini, and Magicicada septendecula. Here we show that the divergence leading to the present 13-and 17-y populations differs considerably among the species groups despite the fact that each group exhibits strikingly similar phylogeographic patterning. The earliest divergence of extant lineages occurred ∼4 Mya with one branch forming the Decim species group and the other subsequently splitting 2.5 Mya to form the Cassini and Decula species groups. The earliest split of extant lineages into 13-and 17-y life cycles occurred in the Decim lineage 0.5 Mya. All three species groups experienced at least one episode of life cycle divergence since the last glacial maximum. We hypothesize that despite independent origins, the three species groups achieved their current overlapping distributions because life-cycle synchronization of invading congeners to a dominant resident population enabled escape from predation and population persistence. The repeated life-cycle divergences supported by our data suggest the presence of a common genetic basis for the two life cycles in the three species groups.life-cycle shift | nurse brood | parallel evolution | speciation P eriodical cicadas (Magicicada) in the eastern United States represent one of the most spectacular life history and population phenomena in nature (1-10). These periodical cicadas spend most of their lives (13 y in the south, 17 y in the north) as underground juveniles except for a brief 2-to 4-wk period when adults emerge simultaneously in massive numbers. With few exceptions, at any given location, all of the periodical cicadas share the same life cycle and emerge on the same schedule, forming a single-year class referred to as a "brood." Surprisingly, each brood consists of multiple species from three species groups (Decim, Cassini, Decula).These three groups were considered to have diverged from each other allopatrically and to have later become sympatric and formed 13-and 17-y life cycles (2). The prolonged, primenumbered life cycles were hypothesized to have evolved in response to Pleistocene climatic cooling (9, 11) to avoid the adverse effect of low population density on mating success (9, 12, 13). Another view hypothesized that the long synchronized life cycles evolved in association with the predator avoidance strategy (2,4,8) and that this took place before both the glacial periods and the split of the three species groups (10) based on approximate genetic distances among species groups (8). To test these hypotheses, phylogenetic information about the r...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Independent divergence of 13- and 17-y life cycles among three periodical cicada lineages

Sota

Yamamoto

Cooley

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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“…The existence of biennialism in M. rebeli was unexpected because the species has none of the characteristics for which prolonged growth is predicted in insects, namely a large body, innutritious food, a short growing season and a stable although inhospitable environment (Taylor & Karban 1986;Stearns 1992;Charnov 1993;Williams & Simon 1995). In other species, the extended juvenile stage has been interpreted as a way of minimizing local extinction by catastrophic events (`bet hedging') (Hanski 1988;Hanski & Stahls 1990;Thomas et al 1998b) or unusually short growing conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphic growth rates in myrmecophilous insects

Schönrogge

Wardlaw

Thomas

et al. 2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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A polymorphism in growth rates was recently described a¡ecting the larval development of the myrmecophilous butter£y Maculinea rebeli, spanning di¡erent years in a single insect population. The close integration of M. rebeli into the host ant colonies, facilitated by adaptations in behaviour and chemical mimicry, make extended larval development a successful strategy. Here we present additional data for M. rebeli and new data for Maculinea alcon (another cuckoo-feeding lycaenid) and the two myrmecophilous predators Maculinea arion and Microdon mutabilis (Diptera: Syrphidae). As predicted, M. alcon shows the same growth pattern as M. rebeli with a proportion of caterpillars developing in one year and the remainder over two years. This pattern holds in both northern and southern European populations, where M. alcon exploits di¡erent species of host. Against expectation, the same bimodal distribution of pre-pupation body weights, indicating one and two year developers, was found for the larvae of M. arion and M. mutabilis. As predators, both species are less closely integrated in their host ant colonies, suggesting that the polymorphism in growth rates is a more general adaptation to a myrmecophilous life style, arrived at by convergent evolution between the Maculinea and Microdon species. For predatory species we suggest that biennialism is an adaptation to the migratory behaviour of the host made possible by the predators' ability to fast over extended periods. We also hypothesize that M. arion represents an ancestral strategy in Maculinea butter£ies and that the growth polymorphism might have become genetically ¢xed in the cuckoo-feeding species.

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