The Ecology of Botrytis on Plant Surfaces

Holz, G.; Coertze, S.; Williamson, B.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2626-3_2

Cited by 99 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…The visual detection of infected berries at or just after the veraison stage has to be improved, especially on black cultivars, because the early symptoms are not easily distinguished and a long incubation period is associated with these relatively resistant tissues (Elmer and Michailides, 2004). However, a delay in the detection should also be considered because the initial infectious foci develop often within the grape cluster and have to expand to the outer berries to become visible and easily detectable (Holz et al 2004;Miklota et al, 2003). Furthermore, our results may be useful to implement a more precise detection method at the beginning of the wine making process, when bunches are exposed individually on sorting tables.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gray mold development on grape berries depends on the genetic structure of the pathogen population (Martinez et al, 2005), but is also driven by some key factors, including climatic conditions, cluster architecture and berry susceptibility (Pezet et al 2004;Elmer and Michailides, 2004). Berry infection result mostly from i) conidia germination and penetration favored by the presence of wounds at the surface of the fruit, in particular insect injuries (Fermaud and LeMenn, 1992;Miklota et al 2003;Holz et al 2004), ii) mycelial spread from one berry to the next which has been associated with severe losses. Depending on climatic conditions at the end of the season, the estimated losses for French vineyards can account for up to 40% of harvest (Mathys, 1982), and the estimated grape losses due to B. cinerea represent two billions $US Author-produced version of the article published in International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 32 (14),3835-3849.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autofluorescence of grape berries following Botrytis cinerea infection

Bélanger¹,

Roger²,

Cartolaro

et al. 2011

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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ξ current address : Financière agricole du Québec -Développement international, 1400, boulevard de la Rive-Sud, Saint-Romuald, Québec, G6W 8K7, Canada Gray mold is caused by Botrytis cinerea (anamorph of an ascomycete fungus) infecting over 200 plant species worldwide and causing tremendous harvest losses in vineyards. Even though all grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinfera L.) are susceptible to the disease, defense mechanisms are induced to counteract or slow down infection and colonization by the pathogen. One of the key inducible defense molecule is resveratrol, a blue fluorescent stilbenic compound. Considering early fungal detection as a crucial step in disease control strategies, we evaluated the potential of plant fluorescence to achieve early detection of B.cinerea in grapevine berries. By comparing control and artificially inoculated berries, images of fluorescence were taken in the laboratory at six combinations of emission/excitation wavelengths (F440/ UV , F520/ UV , F690/ UV, F740/ UV , and F690/436-blue F740/436-blue). Data treatments include proper image correction, interest area selection, fluorescence ratios computation and edge detection. In the early stages, before 3 DAI (days post inoculation), the discrimination (of -between ?) wounded and symptomatic berries could not easily be achieved using blue fluorescence solely (440 nm). However, using blue out of red Author-produced version of the article published in International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 32 (14), 3835-3849. The original publicatioin is available at http://www.tandfonline.com doi:10.1080/01431161003782064Page 2 fluorescence ratio (F 440 /F 740 ), it was possible to detect infected berries starting as early as 4DAI. Using image analysis and edge detection over UV-epidermal transmittance measured at 690 nm, it was possible to detect botrytised berries as early as 6 hours after inoculation. The potential of these detection methods for use in the epidemiological field are discussed.Key words: Bunch rot, detection, epidemiology, fluorescence, remote sensing, phytoalexins, precision viticulture, Vitis vinifera. IntroductionGray mold of grapevines is caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (Botryotinia fuckeliana Whetzel). This cosmopolitan fungus is a necrotrophic pathogen attacking over 200 plant species (Jarvis, 1980). In grapevine, it can infect leaves, in spring, where it grows in a concentric way at the margin of the blade and inflorescences which are highly susceptible, particularly dehiscent floral parts (Pezet et al. 2004). Various infection pathways have been described to establish epidemiological relationships between these first attacks, occurring early in the season, and the typical infections of maturing berries (Elmer and Michailides, 2004). Gray mold development on grape berries depends on the genetic structure of the pathogen population (Martinez et al., 2005), but is also driven by some key factors, including climatic conditions, cluster architecture and berry susceptibility (Pezet...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autofluorescence of grape berries following Botrytis cinerea infection

Bélanger¹,

Roger²,

Cartolaro

et al. 2011

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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“…Most isolates produce abundant multinucleate (3-6 nuclei) conidia (macroconidia) which are unicellular, hyaline to slightly colored, smooth, ovoid to ellipsoid, and measure 10-12 × 8-10 µm. Conidia are produced on short sterigmata on the swollen tips of aerial, free, branched conidiophores (Holz et al, 2004) (Figure 2B, C). Espermatia (microconidia) rarely occur in nature; they are small, globose, unicellular, uninucleates that scarcely germinate and never infect plants (Urbasch, 1985).…”

Section: The Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Espermatia (microconidia) rarely occur in nature; they are small, globose, unicellular, uninucleates that scarcely germinate and never infect plants (Urbasch, 1985). Chlamydospores have been described in B. cinerea and can also serve as a survival structure (Holz et al, 2004;Urbasch, 1986).…”

Section: The Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Chile, conidia are disseminated locally by wind and water droplets but can also be disseminated by some insects in countries where important insect pests infest grape clusters (Holz et al, 2004). For instance, the larvae of Lobesia botrana can disseminate viable conidia of B. cinerea within vineyards (Fermaud and Le Menn, 1989;Pavan et al, 2014).…”

Section: Survival Inoculum Sources and Dispersalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea limits grape production in Chile

2015

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by Botrytis cinerea is a major disease of grapes (Vitis vinifera) that substantially reduces the yield and quality of grape production in temperate and humid regions of the world. B. cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that attacks the non-lignified aerial organs of grapes; in particular, berries are highly susceptible during ripening. The polycyclic nature and exponential progress exhibited by GM at the beginning of the its epidemic, as well as the abundant inoculum production, the high dissemination efficiency, the wide host range and the high genetic variability of B. cinerea, explain the difficulties encountered in attempting to control GM. At present, integrated disease management, including cultural and chemical control, is the main control strategy. These control measures can be used to reduce the initial inoculum or to lower the disease infection rate. However, control measures that reduce the infection rate are the most effective means of controlling GM. Important progress toward understanding the complexity of the biology and epidemiology of this pathogen has occurred in recent decades. This has allowed the improvement and development of more effective and sustainable control strategies against B. cinerea. This review article provides a recent update regarding grape GM, with special emphasis on Chilean production conditions.

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