The ecology of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae): a review (1970–1981)

Challier, Albert

doi:10.1017/s1742758400005725

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…This species lives in humid savannah and can easily disperse through the forests along riverbanks. Such linear dispersal through suitable habitat was also observed for G. palpalis , for which mark-release-recapture studies indicate that it can disperse up to 21 km in 5 days along gallery forests [32],[65], but only 8 km along rivers with bare banks [66]. However, gene flow among G. gambiensis populations seems to occur not only within single river systems, but also among populations distributed in the different river basins of Mali [67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

High Levels of Genetic Differentiation between Ugandan Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Populations Separated by Lake Kyoga

et al. 2008

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Background Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the major vector of human African trypanosomiasis, commonly referred to as sleeping sickness, in Uganda. In western and eastern Africa, the disease has distinct clinical manifestations and is caused by two different parasites: Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense. Uganda is exceptional in that it harbors both parasites, which are separated by a narrow 160-km belt. This separation is puzzling considering there are no restrictions on the movement of people and animals across this region.Methodology and ResultsWe investigated whether genetic heterogeneity of G. f. fuscipes vector populations can provide an explanation for this disjunct distribution of the Trypanosoma parasites. Therefore, we examined genetic structuring of G. f. fuscipes populations across Uganda using newly developed microsatellite markers, as well as mtDNA. Our data show that G. f. fuscipes populations are highly structured, with two clearly defined clusters that are separated by Lake Kyoga, located in central Uganda. Interestingly, we did not find a correlation between genetic heterogeneity and the type of Trypanosoma parasite transmitted.ConclusionsThe lack of a correlation between genetic structuring of G. f. fuscipes populations and the distribution of T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense indicates that it is unlikely that genetic heterogeneity of G. f. fuscipes populations explains the disjunct distribution of the parasites. These results have important epidemiological implications, suggesting that a fusion of the two disease distributions is unlikely to be prevented by an incompatibility between vector populations and parasite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

High Levels of Genetic Differentiation between Ugandan Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Populations Separated by Lake Kyoga

et al. 2008

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“…This is unusual and at variance with observations made with G. m. morsitans where more female than male tenerals were trapped with mobile devices (Vale and Phelps, 1978). Mobile and stationary tsetse sampling devices usually trap more teneral flies than this theoretical percentage of 5% (Challier, 1982), except for G. The proportion of male and female G. ansteni tenerals trapped in this study was 6.7% and 5.5%, respectively, which is assumed to be representative of a stable tsetse population.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Notes on the Ecology of a Natural Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) Population in the Jozani Forest, Unguja Island of Zanzibar

Vreysen

Khamis

1999

Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci.

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Studies were made of Glossina austeni captured with sticky panels during the dry and wet season in the northern and central part of the Jozani forest on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar. The density of the fly population was significantly higher in the northern part of the forest than in the central. Female and male daily catches remained stable in time in the northern part of the forest but the density of the male fly population declined significantly in the central part of the forest at the end of the dry season. The magnitude of the catch and the sex ratio of the samples was highly affected by the trap site in both locations. Only samples in the central part of the forest were biased towards one of the sexes depending on the seasons. The age composition of the male flies was independent of locality and season but the one of female flies was influenced by the seasons in the central part of the forest. The breeding and abortion rate of flies were similar in the two locations both during the wet and dry seasons. The stability of the fly population in terms of density and composition is probably a reflection of the optimal environmental conditions in this primary forest habitat.Resume-Des etudes ont ete effectuees sur Glossina austeni capture avec des panneaux gluants pendant la saison seche et la saison des pluies dans la partie nord et centrale de la foret Jozani sur l'ile d'Unguja, Zanzibar. La densite de la population des mouches tsetse etait plus elevee d'une maniere significative dans la partie nord de la foret par rapport a la partie centrale. Les captures quotidiennes des males et femelles restaient stable dans le temps dans la partie nord de la foret, mais la densite de la population male diminuait d'une maniere significative dans la partie centrale de la foret a la fin de la saison seche. L'endroit du piege, aussi bien au nord que dans la partie centrale, influait beaucoup sur la grandeur de la capture et la proportion des femelles dans les echantillons. Seuls les echantillons dans la partie centrale de la foret penchaient vers une majorite d'un des sexes dependant des saisons. La composition d'age des mouches males ne dependait pas de l'endroit ou de la saison, mais dans la partie centrale, les saisons influaient sur la composition d'age des mouches femelles. Le taux de reproduction et d'avortement etaient comparables dans les deux endroits aussi bien pendant la saison des pluies que pendant la saison seche. La stabilite de la population des mouches en termes de densite et de composition est probablement le reflet de conditions optimales de l'environnement dans cet habitat de foret primaire.

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“…Our comparative analyses that pit the five principal hypotheses against each other indicate that biting flies (hypotheses v(a) and v(b)) are the evolutionary drivers for striping in equids, at least on most regions of the body ( Table 1). Many of our independent variables were highly intercorrelated; for instance, spotted hyaenas inhabit the hot tropics and subtropics 25 and tsetse flies rest on trees 26 . Therefore, we can only be confident of our findings stemming from a model selection procedure that pits factors against each other to see the relative importance of each in explaining variation across all possible models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The function of zebra stripes

et al. 2014

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Despite over a century of interest, the function of zebra stripes has never been examined systematically. Here we match variation in striping of equid species and subspecies to geographic range overlap of environmental variables in multifactor models controlling for phylogeny to simultaneously test the five major explanations for this infamous colouration. For subspecies, there are significant associations between our proxy for tabanid biting fly annoyance and most striping measures (facial and neck stripe number, flank and rump striping, leg stripe intensity and shadow striping), and between belly stripe number and tsetse fly distribution, several of which are replicated at the species level. Conversely, there is no consistent support for camouflage, predator avoidance, heat management or social interaction hypotheses. Susceptibility to ectoparasite attack is discussed in relation to short coat hair, disease transmission and blood loss. A solution to the riddle of zebra stripes, discussed by Wallace and Darwin, is at hand.

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The ecology of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae): a review (1970–1981)

Cited by 35 publications

References 147 publications

High Levels of Genetic Differentiation between Ugandan Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Populations Separated by Lake Kyoga

High Levels of Genetic Differentiation between Ugandan Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Populations Separated by Lake Kyoga

Notes on the Ecology of a Natural Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) Population in the Jozani Forest, Unguja Island of Zanzibar

The function of zebra stripes

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