The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: a critical review

Formal and informal external linkages and firms’ innovative strategies. A cross-country comparison

“…customers, suppliers, competitors) and research institutions (i.e. universities and government) (Salter and Martin 2001). These interactions may be the consequence of formal alliances and/or cooperation agreements or they may occur in a more informal way.…”

Engaging the scholar: Three types of academic consulting and their impact on universities and industry

“…In thematic terms, the activity requested by clients does not constitute research but the application of scientific knowledge to a specific problem (Salter and Martin, 2001). Outputs from consulting are therefore rarely suitable or available to be published.…”

R versus D: estimating the differentiated effect of research and development on innovation results

“…4 We do not include here the studies aimed at analyzing the impact of basic research, as this is not the aim of this paper. For a review of this strand of the literature, see Salter and Martin (2001). themselves point out some limitations of their studies (especially related to the data and the analysis performed) and stress that results presented should be viewed as preliminary. This author distinguishes between four types of R&D expenditures: (i) R&D expenditures devoted to basic research, (ii) R&D expenditures devoted to relatively long-term projects (projects lasting five or more years), (iii) R&D expenditures aimed at entirely new products and processes, and (iv) R&D expenditures devoted to relatively risky projects (projects with less than a fifty-fifty estimated chance of success).…”