The Economic Burden of Influenza-Like Illness among Children, Chronic Disease Patients, and the Elderly in China: A National Cross-Sectional Survey

Lai, Xiaozhen; Rong, Hongguo; Ma, Xiaochen; Hou, Zhiyuan; Li, Shunping; Jing, Rize; Zhang, Haijun; Lyu, Yun; Wang, Jiahao; Feng, Haibo; Peng, Zhibin; Feng, Luzhao; Fang, Hai

doi:10.3390/ijerph18126277

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(61 reference statements)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four studies evaluated the cost-per-episode for multiple SAGE target groups [ 33 , 37 , 46 , 51 ]. Studies from China and Vietnam found higher hospitalization costs among older adults compared with children [ 33 , 37 , 51 ], as well as higher costs associated with chronic medical conditions across age groups [ 33 , 37 ]. In South Africa, total economic burden after incorporating rates of illness was highest for persons with chronic medical conditions, followed by children, older adults, and pregnant persons [ 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022

Gharpure,

Chard,

Cabrera Escobar

et al. 2024

PLoS Med

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Background Historically, lack of data on cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination has been identified as a barrier to vaccine use in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a systematic review of economic evaluations describing (1) costs of influenza illness; (2) costs of influenza vaccination programs; and (3) vaccination cost-effectiveness from low- and middle-income countries to assess if gaps persist that could hinder global implementation of influenza vaccination programs. Methods and findings We performed a systematic search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Scopus in January 2022 and October 2023 using a combination of the following key words: “influenza” AND “cost” OR “economic.” The search included studies with publication years 2012 through 2022. Studies were eligible if they (1) presented original, peer-reviewed findings on cost of illness, cost of vaccination program, or cost-effectiveness of vaccination for seasonal influenza; and (2) included data for at least 1 low- or middle-income country. We abstracted general study characteristics and data specific to each of the 3 study types. Of 54 included studies, 26 presented data on cost-effectiveness, 24 on cost-of-illness, and 5 on program costs. Represented countries were classified as upper-middle income (UMIC; n = 12), lower-middle income (LMIC; n = 7), and low-income (LIC; n = 3). The most evaluated target groups were children (n = 26 studies), older adults (n = 17), and persons with chronic medical conditions (n = 12); fewer studies evaluated pregnant persons (n = 9), healthcare workers (n = 5), and persons in congregate living settings (n = 1). Costs-of-illness were generally higher in UMICs than in LMICs/LICs; however, the highest national economic burden, as a percent of gross domestic product and national health expenditure, was reported from an LIC. Among studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccine introduction, most (88%) interpreted at least 1 scenario per target group as either cost-effective or cost-saving, based on thresholds designated in the study. Key limitations of this work included (1) heterogeneity across included studies; (2) restrictiveness of the inclusion criteria used; and (3) potential for missed influenza burden from use of sentinel surveillance systems. Conclusions The 54 studies identified in this review suggest an increased momentum to generate economic evidence about influenza illness and vaccination from low- and middle-income countries during 2012 to 2022. However, given that we observed substantial heterogeneity, continued evaluation of the economic burden of influenza illness and costs/cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination, particularly in LICs and among underrepresented target groups (e.g., healthcare workers and pregnant persons), is needed. Use of standardized methodology could facilitate pooling across settings and knowledge sharing to strengthen global influenza vaccination programs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022

Gharpure,

Chard,

Cabrera Escobar

et al. 2024

PLoS Med

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“…The knowledge level and social experience of unemployed are low, and their understanding of the practicality of drugs is insufficient (Chiappini et al, 2022). Respondents whose main way of medical expenses borne was Out-of-pocket Payment, were more likely to consider drug efficacy as an important factor, and this was because this group pays more attention to the cost-effectiveness (Lai et al, 2021).…”

Section: Analysis Of Influencing Factors Of Residents Taking Drug Saf...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The self-medication behaviors of residents and the factors related to the consideration of drug efficacy and safety—A cross-sectional study in China

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs facilitates residents self-medication. However, inappropriate self-medications have become a serious problem in China and even all over the world.Objectives: To make an investigation on the current status of Chinese residents’ self-medication behaviors and important considerations, and to explore the factors related to the considerations of drug efficacy and safety.Design: A quantitative, cross-sectional study.Methods: Multi-stage sampling was used to conduct a cross-sectional investigation in China 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government. State that an interviewer-administrated questionnaire, was used for data collection. The questionnaire that was used in the investigation included demographic sociological characteristics, health literacy scale-short form (HLS-SF), the 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10), the EuroQol-5D visual analogue scale (EQ-5D VAS), self-medication status and important considerations when self-medicating. Descriptive statistics were performed, and the Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis. Log-binomial regression was used for multivariate analysis on whether residents regard drug efficacy or safety as an important consideration.Results: 9256 respondents were included in the data analysis. The self-medication rate of Chinese adults was as high as 99.1%. Paracetamol and other analgesics were the most common types of OTC medication that respondents purchased, followed by vitamins/minerals. Medical staff recommendations, drug safety and efficacy were the top three important considerations. The residents in the east, central and western regions who consider safety is 63.5%, 61.5%, and 66.8% respectively. The proportion of curative effect was 60.2%, 55.7%, and 61.4% respectively. Log-binomial regression showed that western respondents, retired people, those who mainly used ways including basic medical insurance for employees, commercial medical insurance, free medical treatment to cover their medical cost, respondents with high neuroticism, high health literacy were more likely to consider drug safety as an important factor (p < 0.05). Eastern respondents, employed, main way of medical expenses borne was Out-of-pocket Payment, those with chronic disease were more likely to consider drug efficacy as an important factor (p < 0.05). Female, respondents with high levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and self-rated health status were more likely to regard both drug safety and efficacy as important considerations (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Self-medication is practiced by most Chinese adults. Whether Chinese adults take drug efficacy or safety as an important consideration is related to their demographic and sociological characteristics, Big Five personality characteristics, health literacy and self-assessed health status. There is a need to strengthen the management of OTC drugs and public education about self-medication.

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“…Research shows that the annual average total economic burden of influenza on the US healthcare system and society in 2015 was $11.2 billion 3 . Following the incidence of ILI, the economic impact on the elderly, children, and patients with chronic conditions is substantial, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) sensitive population 4–7 . Influenza virus, low temperature, low wind speed, high humidity, and air pollution are the risk factors for ILI, 8,9 while biological aerosols including mold spores and influenza vaccines are the protective factors for ILI 10,11 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Following the incidence of ILI, the economic impact on the elderly, children, and patients with chronic conditions is substantial, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) sensitive population. [4][5][6][7] Influenza virus, low temperature, low wind speed, high humidity, and air pollution are the risk factors for ILI, 8,9 while biological aerosols including mold spores and influenza vaccines are the protective factors for ILI. 10,11 Studies have shown that air pollution can have a negative impact on a person's health and can result in an increasing number of respiratory illnesses, such as influenza.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of air pollutants on influenza‐like illness outpatient visits under COVID‐19 pandemic in the subcenter of Beijing, China

Lian

Zhang

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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This study aimed to explore the association between air pollutants and outpatient visits for influenza‐like illnesses (ILI) under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) stage in the subcenter of Beijing. The data on ILI in the subcenter of Beijing from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 were obtained from the Beijing Influenza Surveillance Network. A generalized additive Poisson model was applied to examine the associations between the concentrations of air pollutants and daily outpatient visits for ILI when controlling meteorological factors and temporal trend. A total of 171 943 ILI patients were included. In the pre‐coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) stage, an increased risk of ILI outpatient visits was associated to a high air quality index (AQI) and the high concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), and a low concentration of ozone (O3) on lag0 day and lag1 day, while a higher increased risk of ILI outpatient visits was observed by the air pollutants in the COVID‐19 stage on lag0 day. Except for PM10, the concentrations of other air pollutants on lag1 day were not significantly associated with an increased risk of ILI outpatient visits during the COVID‐19 stage. The findings that air pollutants had enhanced immediate effects and diminished lag‐effects on the risk of ILI outpatient visits during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which is important for the development of public health and environmental governance strategies.

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The Economic Burden of Influenza-Like Illness among Children, Chronic Disease Patients, and the Elderly in China: A National Cross-Sectional Survey

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022

Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022

The self-medication behaviors of residents and the factors related to the consideration of drug efficacy and safety—A cross-sectional study in China

Impact of air pollutants on influenza‐like illness outpatient visits under COVID‐19 pandemic in the subcenter of Beijing, China

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