The Economic Burden of Violence against Children in South Africa

Fang, Xiangming; Zheng, Xiaodong; Fry, Deborah; Ganz, Gary; Casey, Tabitha; Hsiao, Celia; Ward, Catherine L.

doi:10.3390/ijerph14111431

Cited by 46 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Based on these prevalence data, the economic cost of sexual, physical and emotional violence perpetrated against children in SA, and neglect of children -including disabilityadjusted life-years lost due to death and ill health, reduced earnings and welfare costs -is estimated as being ZAR196 billion, or 4.9% of SA's gross domestic product. [12] Objective Taking advantage of a large corpus of longitudinal data collected in the Birth to Twenty Plus (Bt20+) cohort, to give a perspective of exposure to and experience of violence, as well as perpetration of violence, across the time span of childhood, reported contemporaneously by several informants from infancy to young adulthood. These data overcome several limitations of retrospectively recalled information collected from one person at one point in time.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal perspective on violence in the lives of South African children from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort study in Johannesburg-Soweto

et al. 2018

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Background.Violence against children is a significant cause of personal suffering and long-term ill health, poor psychological adjustment, and a range of social difficulties, including adverse effects intergenerationally. Objectives. Using a large corpus of longitudinal data collected in the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort, to give an overview of exposure to and experience of violence, as well as perpetration of violence, across childhood, reported contemporaneously by several informants. This overcomes limitations of retrospectively recalled information collected from one person at one point in time. Methods. We identified 280 data points relating to exposure to and perpetration of violence in 14 of the 21 waves of data collection from birth to 22 years of age. Data were classified into four developmental stages (preschool, primary school years, adolescence and young adulthood) and seven categories (exposure to violence in the community, home and school; exposure to peer violence; being a victim of violence, excluding sexual violence; sexual violence; and perpetration of violence). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyse the data. Results. Over the past two decades, only 1% of the sample had not been exposed to or experienced violence in their home, school and/or community. Two-thirds of children of schoolgoing age were reported as having been exposed to community violence, and more than half of all children to violence in their home. Reports of sexual violence increased from 10% among primary school-aged children to ~30% among adolescents and young adults. Over the course of their lives, ~40% of children were reported as having been exposed to or being victims of five or six of the categories of violence coded in this analysis. High levels of violence perpetration were reported across childhood. Age and gender differences in exposure to and experience and perpetration of violence were evident, and all categories of violence were more prevalent among poorer and more disadvantaged groups. Conclusions. Very high levels of violence were reported in all the settings of urban South African children's lives: home, community, school, among peers and in their intimate relationships. Children and youth were also reported to perpetrate high levels of violence. The personal and social costs of violence are very high, resulting in major public health problems due to its avoidable effects on short-and long-term mental and physical health and social adjustment, and intergenerationally.

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Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal perspective on violence in the lives of South African children from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort study in Johannesburg-Soweto

et al. 2018

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“…Multiple studies have found that more than 50% of Cambodian children are physically punished by their parents or adult relatives (Fordham, ; Miles & Thomas, ; Miles & Varin, ; Ministry of Women's Affairs, UNICEF Cambodia, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ; Save the Children Sweden, ). Fang () reported that in Cambodia, roughly 22% of females and 26% of males aged 13–24 had been abused by a parent, caregiver, or adult relative and that approximately 5% of them reported some form of sexual abuse prior to age 18. The United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention () similarly reported that the prevalence of any form of childhood sexual violence in Cambodia was 4.4% in females and 5.6% in males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention () similarly reported that the prevalence of any form of childhood sexual violence in Cambodia was 4.4% in females and 5.6% in males. Meanwhile, Fang () noted that 25% of Cambodian children aged 13–24 had been emotionally abused and reported gender differences in terms of child abuse and health outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Child abuse is a significant threat to physical and mental health in childhood and in later adult life, and can cause serious economic consequences by imposing social costs on societies. For example, Fang () estimated a total economic burden of US$168 million related to health risk behavior in Cambodia in 2013 as a result of child abuse and neglect, which accounted for 1.10% of Cambodia's gross domestic product. The economic losses in Cambodia resulting from child abuse are relatively high because Cambodia is a developing country that relies heavily on manpower for economic growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictors of Cambodian parents’ perceptions of corporal punishment

Nho

Seng

2017

Asian Soc Wrk & Pol Rev

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This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the predictors of parents' positive perceptions of using corporal punishment on their children. We investigated whether there is a gender difference in the use of corporal punishment according to parents' gender and socioeconomic variables and what factors predict Cambodian parents' positive perceptions of the use of corporal punishment toward sons and daughters. Cambodian parents hold different views on raising boys versus girls. Younger parents with more children, limited education, low socioeconomic status, unemployed, living in rural areas, and parents who hold positive perceptions of spousal abuse of women were more likely to approve of the use of corporal punishment. Our results present implications for social work practice and policy, particularly in child welfare in Cambodia. Most importantly, in order to prevent the use of corporal punishment on children in the home, the government of Cambodia as well as domestic and international organizations need to make more active efforts to promote parenting education.

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“…Pesquisa realizada na África do Sul avaliou que os gastos com cuidados e proteção infantil, nos anos de 2015 e 2016, atingiu 124 milhões de dólares, sendo que, muitos dos custos estão diretamente relacionados à problemática. 4 No Brasil, os dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no ano de 2014 destacaram que foram notificados 38.248 casos de violência contra a criança, sendo que, parte das agressões ocorreram no âmbito doméstico, tendo como principais agressores os pais, seguidos de pessoas mais próximas como padrastos e madrastas. 5 Nessa perspectiva, a violência contra a criança pode ocorrer das seguintes formas: física, psicológica, sexual e negligência, sendo que cada uma delas pode vir acompanhada por outra forma.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Violência doméstica contra a criança sob a ótica de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem

et al. 2018

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Objetivo: averiguar o conhecimento de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem sobre a violência doméstica contra a criança. Método: estudo de abordagem qualitativa do tipo descritivo-exploratória, realizada com 20 estudantes do curso de graduação em enfermagem. Utilizou-se da entrevista semiestruturada para coleta de dados e para análise dos dados a técnica de análise conteúdo. Resultados: a violência doméstica contra as crianças parte de pessoas mais próximas do convívio familiar, em que os direitos humanos dessas crianças são violados, afetando diretamente no seu crescimento e desenvolvimento; sendo que as formas mais conhecidas são as violências: física, verbal, psicológica, sexual e a negligência. Considerações finais: discussões sobre a violência doméstica contra a criança são importantes na formação profissional, pensando na articulação da teoria e prática para a construção da aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades dos futuros enfermeiros para o enfrentamento desse agravo.

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The Economic Burden of Violence against Children in South Africa

Cited by 46 publications

References 32 publications

A longitudinal perspective on violence in the lives of South African children from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort study in Johannesburg-Soweto

A longitudinal perspective on violence in the lives of South African children from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort study in Johannesburg-Soweto

Predictors of Cambodian parents’ perceptions of corporal punishment

Violência doméstica contra a criança sob a ótica de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem

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