The economic effects of fracture in the United States

Abstract

The final report describes the input/output methodology used to estimate the total, presently reducible and future reducible costs of fracture, and the supplemental models used to establish the direct and indirect (including the costs of death, pain, and suffering from injury and environmental degradation) costs arising from fracture occurrence. Discussion of guidelines used to estimate these costs (e.g., "row rules") is amply provided. A complete set of the input/output tables was generated by BCL for this study [4]. Finally, the report identifies and highlights the total costs of fracture and the costs associated with about 15 fracture-sensitive sectors of the economy. ObjectivesThe objectives of the NBS/BCL study were:To assess the total cost of fracture in the U.S. economy. This total includes the costs associated with the occurrence of unintended fracture and the costs associated with the prevention of fracture. [5] and West Germany [6].These studies suggest that erosion and wear costs are at least 2 percent of the GNP's of those countries. It is apparent that material durability costs are substantial and probably about 10 percent of the GNP.The total costs of fracture or corrosion can be divided into costs of occurrence and costs of prevention. Occurrence includes those expenses attributed to the aftermath of unintended fracture or corrosion events. Prevention costs include research and development, inspection, design, packaging and handling, and repair and maintenance. There is a relation between occurrence and prevention costs. Greater allocation of resources to prevention tends to reduce the frequency (and, therefore cost) of occurrence. Schematically, this may be illustrated as shown in figure 3. Roughly 70 percent of the total cost of corrosion was found to be associated with occurrence; but in this study only about 20 percent of the total fracture costs were associated with actual failures.Effective technology transfer and research tends to move the curve on figure 3 toward zero. Figure 3 The disparity between the ratio of occurrence/prevention costs for fracture and corrosion is Costs of Prevention

On the use of linear-elastic local stresses to design load-carrying fillet-welded steel joints against static loading

“…Reviews both in the USA and Europe [1,2] indicate that in-service breakage of engineering structures and components costs around 4% of GNP in industrialised nations, the price which has to be paid becoming socially unacceptable whenever failures result in loss of human lives. In this complex scenario, one of the most difficult challenges faced by the metalworking sector is improving the in-service performance of structural assemblies by limiting not only the weight, but also the associated production, maintenance and energy costs.…”

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On th e u s e o f lin e ar-e las tic lo cal s tre s s e s to d e s ign lo a d -carryin g fille t-w e ld e d s te e l jo in ts again s t s tatic lo ad in g

IN TROD U CTIONReviews both in the USA and Europe [1,2] indicate that in-service breakage of engineering structures and components costs around 4% of GNP in industrialised nations, the price which has to be paid becoming socially unacceptable whenever failures result in loss of human lives. In this complex scenario, one of the most difficult challenges faced by the metalworking sector is improving the in-service performance of structural assemblies by limiting not only the weight, but also the associated production, maintenance and energy costs.

With regard to the technological issues involved in the manufacturing process, it is well-known that a challenging aspect of making high-performance structures and components is efficiently joining Please, cite this paper as: Ameri, A.

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Multiaxial fatigue assessment of friction stir welded tubular joints of Al 6082-T6

“…If the constants in the MWCM are calibrated using fatigue curves generated under fully-reversed uniaxial (ρeff=1) and torsional (ρeff=0) cyclic loading, relationships (2) and (3) can be rewritten as follows [44]:…”

“…Reviews both in the USA and Europe have indicated that in-service cracking of components costs around 4% of GNP in industrialised nations [2,3]. Above and beyond the economic cost of fatigue failure, there is often an associated and socially unacceptable cost in terms of loss of human life.…”

A multiaxial stress-based critical distance methodology to estimate fretting fatigue life

“…This can be ascribed to the presence of stress/strain concentration phenomena occurring at the contact surface and with the local multiaxial stress/strain fields rapidly decaying from the surface inward [2,3]. Reviews both in the USA and in Europe [4,5] indicate that in-service breakage of structural components costs around 4% of GNP in industrialized nations, 50% to 90% of failures being caused by fatigue. In this scenario, fretting fatigue is always a matter of concern to structural engineers since it can remarkably reduce the in-service lifetime of important structural parts such as, for example, threaded pipe connections, bolted/riveted joints, blade-disk attachments in gas/steam turbines, shrink-fitted shaft, and aero-engine splined couplings.…”