“…For example, based on a US sample, Matsumura, Prakash, and Vera-Mu oz (2014) indicate that the markets penalize firms with higher carbon emissions, but a further penalty is imposed on firms that do not disclose emission information. Iwata & Okada, 2011;Lee, Min, & Yook, 2015;Martín-de Castro et al, 2016;Tebini et al, 2016;Wagner et al, 2002), Korea (Alvarez, 2012), the UK (Baboukardos, 2017) and so on. Other researchers examine the research question in the context of the European Union (Clarkson, Li, Pinnuck, & Richardson, 2015;Oestreich & Tsiakas, 2015), Japan (e.g.…”