The Economic Integration of Ukrainian and Vietnamese Migrant Women in the Polish Labour Market

Migration and diversity in a post-socialist context: Creating integrative encounters in Poland

“…Immigration is commonly considered temporary (i.e. to work for short periods before returning home, or moving onto another destination), reducing the significance of integration in the Polish literature (Kindler and Szulecka, 2013). Mass permanent immigration is frequently externalized as a phenomenon of Western postcolonial societies, and one which often gives rise to social tensions, insecurity and discomfort on the part of those who do not come into regular contact with immigrants (Bojar, 2004).…”

Ukrainian Migration to Poland: A “Local” Mobility?

“…searching for a domestic worker) and other migrant women. Having access to several reliable employers increased the migrant's chances of finding ways to enter and stay in Poland legally Kindler 2011;Kindler and Szulecka 2013).…”

“…Well-developed migrant networks provide information on job offers and recommendations that reduce the dangers of exploitation, unemployment or lack of protection resulting from involvement in the informal sector (Kindler and Szulecka 2013;Stefańska and Szulecka 2013). Several studies have investigated the role of social networks as informal channels of recruitment, but also informal safety nets (for example, Grzymała-Kazłowska et al 2008;Kindler and Szulecka 2010;Górny et al 2010).…”

Regulating Movement of the Very Mobile: Selected Legal and Policy Aspects of Ukrainian Migration to EU Countries

“…However, advancement in administrative status, meaning that migrants get long-term permits for stay and/or work or citizenship, does not necessarily lead to advancement in their economic status (Grzymała-Kazłowska et al 2008;Kindler and Szulecka 2010;Stefańska and Szulecka 2013;Maroukis et al 2011). Legal restrictions relating to the foreign labour force can make the lawful employment of foreigners unprofitable, costly or time-consuming.…”

“…8) and according to a study by Čermáková and Nekorjak (2009), Ukrainians constituted the group (after Vietnamese) at greatest risk of labour exploitation due to their isolation from the receiving society and the specific relations (client system) operating in their sectors, such as construction. However, despite problems linked to informal employment, Ukrainian migrants may gain some sense of security from networks and informal friendly relations with their employers (Harney 2012;Kindler and Szulecka 2013).…”