The economics of altruism: The old, the rich, the female

Nakavachara, Voraprapa

doi:10.1080/10911359.2017.1393367

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Allocations of DG in this study correlated positively with agreeableness (in line with Ben-Ner et al, 2004 ), and UG offers in the full sample were predicted by extraversion and neuroticism in interaction with sex, not unprecedented in previous literature (Ashton et al, 1998 ; Oda et al, 2014 ; Nakavachara, 2018 ), but these facts bear little relevance for costly signaling. However, the number of sexual partners in life was correlated to the MAOs in the UG: the higher the number, the higher was the MAO, as shown in Figure 2 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Looking Like a Million Dollars: Does Attractiveness Priming Increase Altruistic Behavior in Experimental Games?

et al. 2021

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The emergence of altruistic behavior constitutes one of the most widely studied problems in evolutionary biology and behavioral science. Multiple explanations have been proposed, most importantly including kin selection, reciprocity, and costly signaling in sexual selection. In order to test the latter, this study investigated whether people behave more altruistically when primed by photographs of attractive faces and whether more or less altruistic people differ in the number of sexual and romantic partners. Participants in the general population (N = 158, 84 F, 74 M) first rated the attractiveness of photographs of 20 faces of the opposite (sexually preferred) sex and then played the Dictator and Ultimatum Games (DG and UG). The photograph rating acted as priming; half the participants received photographs of people rated as more attractive than average in an earlier study, and the other half received photographs previously rated as less attractive. The attractiveness-primed participants, especially men, were expected to behave more altruistically—signaling that they are desirable, resource-possessing partners. We also expected altruists to self-report more sexual and romantic partners. The observed difference between altruistic behaviors in the attractiveness- and unattractiveness-primed groups occurred in UG offers, however, in the opposite than expected direction in women. The number of sexual partners was positively correlated to minimum acceptable offers (MAOs) in the UG, in line with expectations based on the theory of costly signaling.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Looking Like a Million Dollars: Does Attractiveness Priming Increase Altruistic Behavior in Experimental Games?

et al. 2021

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“…In the current meta-analysis, we therefore probed the influence of socioeconomic resources (i.e., income and education). We also considered gender because of prior reports of greater altruism in females compared with males (Nakavachara, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and altruism: A meta-analysis.

Sparrow¹,

Swirsky²,

Kudus³

et al. 2021

Psychology and Aging

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Life span theories postulate that altruistic tendencies increase in adult development, but the mechanisms and moderators of age-related differences in altruism are poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear to what extent age differences in altruism reflect age differences in altruistic motivation, in resources such as education and income, or in socially desirable responding. This meta-analysis combined 16 studies assessing altruism in younger and older adults (N ϭ 1,581). As expected, results revealed an age-related difference in altruism (M g ϭ 0.61, p Ͻ .001), with older adults showing greater altruism than younger adults. Demographic moderators (income, education, sex distribution) did not significantly moderate this effect, nor did aspects of the study methodology that may drive socially desirable responding. However, the age effect was moderated by the average age of the older sample, such that studies with young-old samples showed a larger age effect than studies with old-old samples. These findings are consistent with the theoretical prediction of age-related increases in altruistic motivation, but they also suggest a role for resources (e.g., physical, cognitive, social) that may decline in advanced old age.

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“…The age of the patients ( Mdn = 66.00) did not significantly differ from controls, ( Mdn = 67.00), U = 628.50, z = 1.57, p = .12, r = .20, and the ratio of males to females was similar for patients and controls, χ 2 (1, 64) = .58, p = .45. Additional demographic characteristics such as education and income were variables of interest that have been shown to be associated with charitable giving (e.g., Nakavachara, 2018). Years of formal education were similar for patients ( Mdn = 15.50) and controls ( Mdn = 16.00), U = 647.59, z = 1.85, p = .07, r = .23.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. shown to be associated with charitable giving (e.g., Nakavachara, 2018). Years of formal education were similar for patients (Mdn = 15.50) and controls (Mdn = 16.00), U = 647.59, z = 1.85, p = .07, r = .23.…”

Section: Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…PD patients reported significantly higher income relative to controls. However, both groups were well above the poverty line, the rewards at stake were of small magnitude, and income did not correlate with the behavioral measures although wealth can be a determinant for increased prosociality (Nakavachara, 2018). Additionally, we only administered two trials of the dictator game, and these trials were not counterbalanced, since all participants completed the stranger version first then the charity version.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altruism in Parkinson’s disease.

Sparrow¹,

Leung²,

Statucka³

et al. 2021

Neuropsychology

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Objective: Reward-based decision-making is a growing area of research in Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder characterized by alterations in dopamine and cortico-striatal circuits. While reward is typically operationalized as a gain, altruistic decisions also engage the reward system in fMRI studies. Although altruism comes at a cost, individuals may be motivated by the social reward associated with benefitting another. At present, it is unclear how PD affects altruism because both increased egoistic tendencies and increased generosity have been documented. Method: To address this, 32 individuals with PD and 32 age-matched healthy controls completed two tasks of implicit and explicit altruism. First, in an intertemporal choice task, participants chose between a smaller immediate or larger later outcome. Outcome types included gains, losses, and donations, and an implicit altruism measure was derived. Second, participants completed two versions of the dictator game, which assesses nonreciprocal giving and yields an explicit measure of altruism. Results: Patients and controls showed similar altruism in the intertemporal choice task and in a dictator game for a charity, but patients were more generous than controls in the dictator game in which the recipient was a stranger. Among patients, altruism measures were moderated by laterality of hemispheric burden and medication type. Conclusions: This study was the first to examine altruistic decision-making in PD patients using both implicit and explicit measures. PD patients were neither overly generous nor egoistic in their decisions, although some disease and treatment characteristics may have a modest association with altruism in PD. Key PointsQuestion: How does advanced PD and its treatment relate to implicit and explicit financial measures of altruism? Findings: PD patients make similar altruistic decisions as controls when donating. PD patients gave more to strangers on a dictator game task. Certain disease characteristics of PD patients relate to altruism. Importance: Intact financial decisions offer reassurance to PD patients and their caregivers. Next Steps: Deeper investigation into the relationships between characteristics of PD patients and prosocial motivation is an interesting avenue for future research, with translational potential in domains such as health, social functioning, and financial competence.

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The economics of altruism: The old, the rich, the female

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Looking Like a Million Dollars: Does Attractiveness Priming Increase Altruistic Behavior in Experimental Games?

Looking Like a Million Dollars: Does Attractiveness Priming Increase Altruistic Behavior in Experimental Games?

Aging and altruism: A meta-analysis.

Altruism in Parkinson’s disease.

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