The Economics of Solar PV in Singapore

Doshi, Tilak; D’Souza, Neil Sebastian; Nguyen, Linh Anh; Teo, Han Guan; Zahur, Nahim Bin

doi:10.5176/2251-3701_2.1.33

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Samples were positioned 13 cm away from the light source, and the intensity within the irradiation zone was ascertained to range between 55W/cm 2 (550 kW/m 2 ) and 65W/cm 2 (650 kW/m 2 ). For comparison purposes, the peak sun radiation received by Singapore is estimated to be approximately 1 kW/m 2 at mid-day . Thus, radiation under the solar simulator is approximately 600 times more intense than outdoor exposure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For comparison purposes, the peak sun radiation received by Singapore is estimated to be approximately 1 kW/m 2 at mid-day. 60 Thus, radiation under the solar simulator is approximately 600 times more intense than outdoor exposure. Singapore receives about 4.55 kWh/m 2 of sunlight in a day, so 1 h under the solar simulator receives approximately 130 days equivalent of radiation.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations

Lin

Yang

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by common sunscreen agents such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) has prompted much research to incorporate effective antioxidants into sunscreens. Nanodiamonds (NDs) and fullerenes (C60) are potent antioxidants (radical scavengers) and effective UV filters, making them prime candidates as additives. The radical scavenging potentials of NDs and C60 are compared to the common antioxidant vitamin C using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay. In the presence of UV irradiation and ROS-generating TiO2 nanoparticles, we found that the radical scavenging potentials of vitamin C significantly decrease, while those of NDs and C60 are enhanced. This suggests that NDs and C60 can be used as long-lasting antioxidants to complement sunscreens. NDs and C60 are further incorporated into prototype creams along with TiO2 nanoparticles. When these prototype creams are subjected to simulated solar irradiation, the transmission spectra show that the anti-UV properties of the creams are well maintained after prolonged irradiation. Hence, NDs and C60 are photostable UV filters, which can supplement the sun protection efficacy of sunscreens. Cell studies using human dermal fibroblasts are also conducted to demonstrate the ability of NDs and C60 to scavenge the intracellular ROS generated by TiO2 nanoparticles. Under irradiation, ND significantly reduces intracellular oxidative stress. This is not observed for C60 because it can behave as both a ROS generator and scavenger when irradiated. This work establishes the antioxidant and anti-UV benefits of adding NDs and C60 to sunscreens.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations

Lin

Yang

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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“…The PV LCOE is expected to drop to USD 0.010/kWh by 2040 under the 450 Scenario with the R&D expenditures having increased 5% annually, or at least USD 0.014/kWh under the Current Policies Scenario with the R&D expenditures having decreased 5% annually. Doshi et al and Jeong apply ± 30% to the baseline values of the capacity factor (CF), discount rate(r), economic lifetime of system(n), depreciation rate(d), and other variables to conduct sensitivity analysis [39,41]. This study also conducts sensitivity analysis by applying ± 30% to the baseline values of the parameter variables.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Price of Korean Photovoltaic Technology and the Impact of R&D

2016

J Environ Stud

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology which is playing a major role in providing clean electricity in Korea has been particularly diffused by financial and political support since 2008. However, although the energy technology has made unprecedented progress over the last several years, it is expected to be continually diffused until 2035 when it will constitute 14.1% of renewable energy in the total primary energy supply (TPES) and have its generating price decreased by KRW 60.9/ kWh. This study uses 2-Factor Learning Curves (2FLC) to estimate future Korean PV module price considering both cumulative production and R&D investment. Subsequently, the Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) that considers the module price anticipated before hand is applied to forecast the Korean PV generating price to estimate if the nation will reach its planned goal by 2035. As a result, the PV module price would decrease by USD 0.282/W in 2040 with 12.22% of Learning-by-Doing rate (LDR) and 10.44% of Learning-by-Searching rate (LSR) with 5 years of time-lag and 15% of depreciation rate in Knowledge stock (KS) estimated by R&D investment. The future PV generating price in 2035 is expected to be KRW 32.043-36.484/kWh, which is, the PV price that would reach its national target price by 2035 if current or similar levels of diffusion and R&D are offered in the time period.

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“…Another issue is the costs of solar. by Doshi et al [18]. As an additional sustainability dimension for solar indicator, costs can be factored in according to the types of technology employed to give:…”

Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing and identifying sustainability indicators in the Singapore context

Khoo¹,

Ee²,

Wang³

et al. 2015

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Singapore's geographical setting, being a highly industrialized city-state, with limited natural resources have placed it in a unique position to deal with key issues in its commitment to sustainable development. Evolving sustainability science and assessment tools that underpin sustainability efforts are instrumental in guiding decisions and policies in the drive towards achieving sustainable development. Practical sustainability methods or indicators are viewed as imperative to determine the successful implementation and outcome of sustainable strategies and policies. We propose the preliminary development of sustainability indicators for four main important subjects for Singapore: i) carbon footprint; ii) energy; iii) water; and iv) waste management and landfill. For carbon footprint, a preliminary model was introduced to estimate the greenhouse gas (e.g. CO 2) emissions considering the manufacture of resources to (value-added) products. Limitations and potential performances of "clean energy" will be discussed, as well as, water supply and demand. In the fourth indicator development, the limited land area of Singapore (718.3 km 2) and its total dependence on an offshore landfill for the disposal of MSW (municipal solid wastes) is investigated.

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The Economics of Solar PV in Singapore

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations

UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations

The Price of Korean Photovoltaic Technology and the Impact of R&D

Developing and identifying sustainability indicators in the Singapore context

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