The Economics of Tax and Social Security in Japan

Adachi, Yoshimi

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7176-8

Cited by 3 publications

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“…On the other hand, a carbon tax system has been introduced in several countries, particularly those in Europe and Asia to strengthen the campaign on CO 2 emissions globally [14]. The carbon tax is an environmental levied tax, where the penalty cost is decided by the level of the CO 2 emissions produced by an economic activity [15]. Consequently, carbon taxes are expected to give economic incentives to manufacturers to reduce GHG emissions during manufacturing processes even in countries that do not have other environmental policies related to global warming [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Procurement Decisions with Carbon Leakage by Global Suppliers and Order Quantities under Different Carbon Tax

2019

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Manufactures have been pressed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by environmental regulations and policies. Towards to reduction of GHG emissions, a carbon tax has been already introduced in 40 countries. Owing to different carbon prices among countries, there are potential risks of carbon leakage, where manufacturers transfer production operations to the countries with lower taxes to pursue lower costs. Moreover, procurement costs and GHG emissions vary by country because of economic conditions and electric energy mixes. Therefore, total GHG emissions could be globally reduced if manufactures relocate their production bases or switch suppliers in the country with lower GHG emission levels. This study proposes a green procurement decision for the supplier selection and the order quantity for minimizing GHG emission and costs considering the different carbon taxes in different countries. First, a bill of materials for each part is constructed through the life cycle inventory database with the Asian international input/output tables for a case study. Second, a green procurement decision considering the different carbon prices is formulated using integer programming. Finally, the results, including carbon leakage, are analyzed from the viewpoint of manufacturers, governments, and global perspectives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Procurement Decisions with Carbon Leakage by Global Suppliers and Order Quantities under Different Carbon Tax

2019

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Local co-production and food insecurity: leveraging institutional advantages of partner organisations

Kinoshita

Dollery

2021

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration

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The development of the Japanese welfare state and assessment of it's performance

Podolskiy

2024

Политика И Общество

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The article studies the development and performance of the Japanese welfare state to analyse the successes and failures of Japanese decisions in the field of social policy. The study covers emergence and change of pension and health insurance programs, social support measures, demographic programs and the long-term care insurance. The education system in Japan is assessed. The administrative architecture of the welfare state is studied. Political bargaining over the rules of the welfare state is considered, from the creation of the system to its optimisation because of the population aging and the slowdown of the economy. The study compares effectiveness of social programs in Japan and in other countries. The culture-specific features of the Japanese social policy are assessed to explain the limits for possible implementation of the Japanese decisions in other countries. The effectiveness of social programs is studied on the basis of quantitative indicators reflecting their functioning, such as the level of health of the population and health care costs, incomes of elderly citizens, student achievements in comparison with other countries. The welfare state in Japan followed the example of Germany. Social policy in Japan does not fall behind the European systems. The health care system in Japan is one of the best in the world. Insurance mechanisms work effectively, the share of direct payments is small and lower than the average among developed countries. The education system also shows good results. The pension system lags behind in terms of the expected level of income replacement, and also faces problems due to the aging population. The welfare state in Japan effectively supports citizens, but faces serious pressure from economic and demographic factors, which leads to tightening of rules to maintain the sustainability of the system.

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The Economics of Tax and Social Security in Japan

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Green Procurement Decisions with Carbon Leakage by Global Suppliers and Order Quantities under Different Carbon Tax

Green Procurement Decisions with Carbon Leakage by Global Suppliers and Order Quantities under Different Carbon Tax

Local co-production and food insecurity: leveraging institutional advantages of partner organisations

The development of the Japanese welfare state and assessment of it's performance

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