The economics of tobacco control (Part 2): evidence from the ITC Project

Walbeek, Corné van; Paraje, Guillermo

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052425

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nearly, 43.7% of the responders in this study stated that they wanted to quit tobacco immediately, and about 19% reported that they would quit within the next six months [ 12 ]. This estimate is somewhat similar to the findings from other LMICs such as Kenya (65%), Zambia (69%), Mexico (55%), and Mauritius (54%) and, also from high-income countries like Germany (60%), United Kingdom (62%) and France (65%) [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Poor implementation of tobacco control measures and lack of education influences the intention to quit tobacco: a structural equation modelling approach

Quadri

John

Kaur³

et al. 2022

BMC Public Health

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Background Tobacco consumption remains a public health issue and is one of the major causes of death in India. This study presents a validated conceptual model to assess the interaction between education, perceived application of tobacco control measures, type of tobacco and their effects on the intention to quit tobacco. Additionally, the direct and mediating roles of tobacco use -frequency, -duration, and -dependency on the intention to quit is also investigated. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out, and data from tobacco users of six randomly selected states in India was collected via face-to-face interviews. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using R v 3.6.3 to test the model fit and to explore the association between tobacco control measures and the intention to quit tobacco. Results From 1962 tobacco users, 43.7% wanted to quit tobacco immediately. Tambakoo (57.7%) was the most common type of tobacco used and 68.9% said that minors could buy tobacco. Findings from SEM showed that that one standard deviation (SD) increase in the perceived application of tobacco control measures is directly associated with a 0.181 SD increase in the intention to quit tobacco (B = 0.181, P < 0.001), and this effect was partially mediated by frequency of tobacco consumption (B = 0.06, P < 0.05). Also, a better education level was associated with a higher intention to quit tobacco (B = 0.14, P < 0.001). Conclusions To conclude, the application of tobacco control measures and a better education level may positively affect the intention to quit tobacco. The frequency of tobacco use and the number of influencers play an essential role in deciding to quit. In future, longitudinal studies are recommended to further substantiate the evidence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Poor implementation of tobacco control measures and lack of education influences the intention to quit tobacco: a structural equation modelling approach

Quadri

John

Kaur³

et al. 2022

BMC Public Health

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“…Our study also highlighted that in some countries, there may be changes in observed industry pricing strategies over time due to changes in market dynamics. In the case of South Africa, there was a switch from overshifting to undershifting in 2010, which coincided with increased competition from domestic low-cost producers and a rapid increase in the illicit trade 55 88. While this might be a unique occurrence, it could also indicate a wider trend and hence needs to be further explored by following industry pricing behaviours over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco industry pricing strategies in response to excise tax policies: a systematic review

2021

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ObjectiveTo explore what is known about the tobacco industry’s (TI) price-based responses to tobacco excise tax policies and whether these vary by country income group using a systematic review.Data sourcesStudies assessing TI pricing tactics were identified via searches of five online databases using a combination of search keywords.Study selectionInclusion criteria were applied by two reviewers independently who screened all search results (titles and abstracts) for possible inclusion. They identified 37 publications that reported TI pricing tactics.Data extractionStudy details were tabulated, and information was extracted on the country income group, population characteristics, excise tax structure, and pricing strategies.Data synthesisOf the 37 publications identified, 22 were conducted in high-income countries, while 15 covered low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Major pricing strategies employed were: differentially shifting taxes between products (35 studies); launching new brands/products as pathways for downtrading (six studies), product promotions and different prices for the same products for different customers (six studies); price smoothing (two studies); and changing product attributes such as length/size of cigarettes or production processes (three studies).ConclusionsWhile there is limited evidence to fully ascertain industry responses to tax increases, this review suggests that the TI widely uses a multitude of sophisticated pricing strategies across different settings around the world with the intention of undermining tax policies, thereby increasing tobacco consumption and maximising their profits. There is a need for further research in this area especially in LMICs so that effective policy responses can be developed.

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“…There was also a substantial increase in the illicit market that year. 8 This paper estimates the pass-through of cigarette excise taxes before and after 2010 in South Africa. South Africa is an important example for other countries, since it was one of the first middle-income countries to use excise tax increases as a tobacco control tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of excise tax increases on cigarette prices in South Africa

Linegar

Walbeek

2017

Tob Control

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IntroductionThe effectiveness of excise tax increases as a tool for reducing tobacco consumption depends largely on how the tax increases impact the retail price. We estimate this relationship in South Africa for 2001–2015.DataStatistics South Africa provided disaggregated cigarette price data, used in the calculation of the Consumers’ Price Index. Data on the excise tax per cigarette were obtained from Budget Reviews prepared by the National Treasury of South Africa.MethodsRegression equations were estimated for each month. The month-on-month change in cigarette prices in February through April was regressed against March’s excise tax change to estimate the pass-through coefficient. For the other 9 months, the month-on-month change in cigarette price was regressed against monthly dummy variables to determine the size of the non-tax-related price increase in each of these months. The analysis was performed in both nominal and real (inflation-adjusted) terms.FindingsExpressed in real terms, the excise tax was undershifted. A R1.00 (one rand) increase in the excise tax is associated with an increase in the retail price of cigarettes of R0.90 in the pre-2010 period, and R0.49 in the post-2010 period. In the pre-2010 period, the tobacco industry increased the retail price of cigarettes in July/August, independent of the excise tax increase. The discretionary July/August price increases largely disappeared after 2010, primarily because the market became more competitive.ConclusionThe degree of excise tax pass-through, and the magnitude of discretionary increases in cigarette prices, is significantly determined by the competitive environment in the cigarette market.

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The economics of tobacco control (Part 2): evidence from the ITC Project

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Poor implementation of tobacco control measures and lack of education influences the intention to quit tobacco: a structural equation modelling approach

Poor implementation of tobacco control measures and lack of education influences the intention to quit tobacco: a structural equation modelling approach

Tobacco industry pricing strategies in response to excise tax policies: a systematic review

The effect of excise tax increases on cigarette prices in South Africa

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