The Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis in South America: Morphology, Colonization, and Diversity

Becerra, Alejandra Gabriela; Zak, Marcelo Román

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15196-5_2

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Mycorrhizal types were obtained from Fontenla et al . () and Becerra & Zak (). Species distribution along the chronosquence and details of site age determination are provided in Arróniz‐Crespo et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High nitrogen contribution by Gunnera magellanica and nitrogen transfer by mycorrhizas drive an extraordinarily fast primary succession in sub‐Antarctic Chile

et al. 2019

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Summary Chronosequences at the forefront of retreating glaciers provide information about colonization rates of bare surfaces. In the northern hemisphere, forest development can take centuries, with rates often limited by low nutrient availability. By contrast, in front of the retreating Pia Glacier (Tierra del Fuego, Chile), a Nothofagus forest is in place after only 34 yr of development, while total soil nitrogen (N) increased from near zero to 1.5%, suggesting a strong input of this nutrient. We measured N‐fixation rates, carbon fluxes, leaf N and phosphorus contents and leaf δ15N in the dominant plants, including the herb Gunnera magellanica, which is endosymbiotically associated with a cyanobacterium, in order to investigate the role of N‐fixing and mycorrhizal symbionts in N‐budgets during successional transition. G. magellanica presented some of the highest nitrogenase activities yet reported (potential maximal contribution of 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Foliar δ15N results support the framework of a highly efficient N‐uptake and transfer system based on mycorrhizas, with c. 80% of N taken up by the mycorrhizas potentially transferred to the host plant. Our results suggest the symbiosis of G. magellanica with cyanobacteria, and trees and shrubs with mycorrhizas, to be the key processes driving this rapid succession.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High nitrogen contribution by Gunnera magellanica and nitrogen transfer by mycorrhizas drive an extraordinarily fast primary succession in sub‐Antarctic Chile

et al. 2019

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“…As in Brazil, three collectors investigated 200 m × 100 m plots during 1 d in Kourou, Laussat, and Paracou. For each plot, we recorded the occurrence of putative Neotropical EM hosts, as described in the literature (synthesized in Becerra & Zak , Table S1), and herbarium vouchers were deposited in CAY and INPA for French Guianan and Brazilian sites, respectively. Morphological characters allowed identification of fruiting bodies to genus and the EM condition was assumed if the genus was previously recorded as such (Singer , Tedersoo et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to our present understanding, ectomycorrhizal (EM) diversity shows a unimodal distribution centered in the temperate zone (Tedersoo & Nara , Tedersoo et al . ), and EM symbioses are relatively rare in the Neotropics, or at least detected in only a few habitats (Becerra & Zak , Bâ et al . ).…”

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Diversity and Distribution of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Amazonian Lowland White‐sand Forests in Brazil and French Guiana

et al. 2016

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International audienceWhite-sand forests are thought to host many ectomycorrhizal fungi, as demonstrated by the numerous fruiting body collections made by Rolf Singer in the lower Rio Negro in the late 1970s. Despite recognition of the importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in white-sand forests, there has not yet been a systematic examination of diversity and taxonomic composition across white-sand forests, or more widely across lowland Amazonian forests. In an effort to broaden our view of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and distribution on white-sand forests, we collected ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies in 10 plots of white-sand forests in Brazil and French Guiana between 2012 and 2014. We collected 221 specimens and 62 morphospecies, from the 10 plots, confirming that all studied white-sand forests host ectomycorrhizal fungi. Additionally, we searched for taxa associated with white sands among specimens deposited in Brazilian herbaria. We report 1006 unique ectomycorrhizal specimen records in 18 Brazilian herbaria, of which 137 specimens and 64 species are reported from white-sand forests, mainly in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Russulaceae and Amanitaceae were frequent in all habitats, and Cortinarius were more frequent on white sands. Our results highlight the high diversity and heterogeneity of ectomycorrhizal communities on white-sand forests, and the wide distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi throughout Brazil, irrespective of soil type.Florestas em solos arenosos são consideradas como hospedeiras de muitos fungos ectomicorrízicos (EM), como demonstrado pelas numerosas coletas feitas por Rolf Singer na região do Rio Negro, Amazonas, no final dos anos 70. Apesar do reconhecimento da importância dos fungos ectomicorrízicos em florestas em solos arenosos, não houve nenhum estudo sistemático da diversidade e da composição taxonômica nas florestas em solos arenosos ou mesmo mais amplamente nas terras baixas da Floresta Amazônica. Para ter uma visão global da diversidade e da distribuição de fungos EM em florestas em solos arenosos, foram coletados basidiomas desses fungos em 10 parcelas de florestas em solos arenosos no Brasil e na Guiana Francesa entre 2012 e 2014. Além disso, uma busca foi feita por espécimes depositados em herbários brasileiros que tinham a informação de serem coletas feitas em solo arenoso. Nas 10 parcelas amostradas foram coletados 221 espécimes e 62 morfoespécies, o que confirma que todas as florestas em solos arenosos hospedam fungos EM. Recuperamos 1006 espécimes registrados em 18 herbários brasileiros, dos quais 137 espécimes e 52 espécies são registros de florestas em solos arenosos principalmente no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Russulaceae e Amanitaceae foram frequentes em todos os habitats e Cortinarius foi o táxon mais frequente em solo arenoso. Os resultados apresentados enfatizam a alta diversidade e heterogeneidade das comunidades de EM em florestas em solos arenosos, assim como a ampla distribuição de fungos em todo o Brasil, não exclusivamente em florestas em solos arenosos

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“…Indeed, observations on roots are scarce and observations have been made only recently, compared with fruitbodies. Tracing roots and identifying hosts are very difficult in hyperdiverse forests, and neotropical ectomycorrhizas often lack a well‐developed mantle (Becerra & Zak, ). It is, therefore, even more challenging to recognize EM root tips without adequate methods and expertise, and during a practical session of the workshop, Masters and PhD students were trained to sample and recognize EM roots in the Lagoa do Peri State Park near Florianópolis.…”

Section: Ectomycorrhizal (Em) Roots Remain Largely Unexploredmentioning

confidence: 99%

The (re)discovery of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in Neotropical ecosystems sketched in Florianópolis

et al. 2017

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The (re)discovery of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in Neotropical ecosystems sketched in Florian opolis VIII th Brazilian Mycological Congress, held in Florian opolis, Brazil, October 2016The VIII th Brazilian Mycological Congress, held in Florian opolis (Brazil) in October 2016, was organized by the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina and brought together more than 1000 scientists of 20 nationalities, which illustrates the dynamism of South American mycology, in many fields. One of the major takehome messages, amongst many research talks and posters, was the rising interest in the ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbiosis, which was addressed by both a symposium and a 3-day workshop 'To the roots of trees: growing awareness of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in the Neotropics'. Talks on this symbiosis were given by taxonomists and ecologists, and focused on the Neotropics, the tropical realm that extends from the central plateau of Mexico and which includes South America. The inventories of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), observations of EM roots, and metabarcoding studies presented revealed a hitherto unsuspected abundance of the EM symbiosis to all participants, including a number of South-American students. This meeting provided great opportunities to share points of view on the historical reasons behind gaps in knowledge on EMF associations in neotropical low-elevation areas. The meeting also highlighted recent discoveries and forthcoming challenges, based on three complementary approaches: studies on fruitbodies, EM roots, and the metabarcoding of soil samples.

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The Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis in South America: Morphology, Colonization, and Diversity

Cited by 10 publications

References 64 publications

High nitrogen contribution by Gunnera magellanica and nitrogen transfer by mycorrhizas drive an extraordinarily fast primary succession in sub‐Antarctic Chile

High nitrogen contribution by Gunnera magellanica and nitrogen transfer by mycorrhizas drive an extraordinarily fast primary succession in sub‐Antarctic Chile

Diversity and Distribution of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Amazonian Lowland White‐sand Forests in Brazil and French Guiana

The (re)discovery of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in Neotropical ecosystems sketched in Florianópolis

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