The Ectopic Expression of a Pectin Methyl Esterase Inhibitor Increases Pectin Methyl Esterification and Limits Fungal Diseases in Wheat

Volpi, Chiara Costanza; Janni, Michela; Lionetti, Vincenzo; Bellincampi, Daniela; Favaron, Francesco; D’Ovidio, R.

doi:10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0021

Cited by 134 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Infections with either pathogen leads to an upregulation of PME3, and the pme3 mutant shows increased resistance and reduced PME activity (Raiola et al 2011). Similarly, transgenic Arabidopsis (Lionetti et al 2007) and durum wheat (Volpi et al 2011) with a reduced PME activity due to overexpressing PMEIs had a higher DM in the cell walls, and showed increased resistance to both fungal and bacterial pathogens. The pepper (Capsicum annuum) CaPMEI1 is expressed in response to infection of pepper leaves with Xanthomonas campestris pv.…”

Section: Biotic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development

Levesque-Tremblay

Pelloux

Braybrook

et al. 2015

Planta

214

151

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Recent publications have increased our knowledge of how pectin composition and the degree of homogalacturonan methylesterification impact the biochemical and biomechanical properties of plant cell walls, plant development, and plants' interactions with their abiotic and biotic environments. Experimental observations have shown that the relationships between the DM, the pattern of de-methylesterificaton, its effect on cell wall elasticity, other biomechanical parameters, and growth are not straightforward. Working towards a detailed understanding of these relationships at single cell resolution is one of the big tasks of pectin research. Pectins are highly complex polysaccharides abundant in plant primary cell walls. New analytical and microscopy techniques are revealing the composition and mechanical properties of the cell wall and increasing our knowledge on the topic. Progress in plant physiological research supports a link between cell wall pectin modifications and plant development and interactions with the environment. Homogalacturonan pectins, which are major components of the primary cell wall, have a potential for modifications such as methylesterification, as well as an ability to form cross-linked structures with divalent cations. This contributes to changing the mechanical properties of the cell wall. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the pectin component homogalacturonan, including its synthesis, modification, regulation and role in the plant cell wall.

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Section: Biotic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development

Levesque-Tremblay

Pelloux

Braybrook

et al. 2015

Planta

214

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Genetic and molecular evidence indicates the critical role of pectin methylesterification in plant defense; for example, in Arabidopsis and wheat (Triticum aestivum), high methylesterification of pectins decreased plant susceptibility to fungal and bacterial necrotrophs (Raiola et al, 2011;Volpi et al, 2011), and in wild strawberry plants (Fragaria spp. ), overexpression of a fruit-specific pectin methylesterase (PME) increased plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea (Osorio et al, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis and Brachypodium distachyon Transgenic Plants Expressing Aspergillus nidulans Acetylesterases Have Decreased Degree of Polysaccharide Acetylation and Increased Resistance to Pathogens

et al. 2013

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The plant cell wall has many significant structural and physiological roles, but the contributions of the various components to these roles remain unclear. Modification of cell wall properties can affect key agronomic traits such as disease resistance and plant growth. The plant cell wall is composed of diverse polysaccharides often decorated with methyl, acetyl, and feruloyl groups linked to the sugar subunits. In this study, we examined the effect of perturbing cell wall acetylation by making transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) plants expressing hemicellulose-and pectin-specific fungal acetylesterases. All transgenic plants carried highly expressed active Aspergillus nidulans acetylesterases localized to the apoplast and had significant reduction of cell wall acetylation compared with wild-type plants. Partial deacetylation of polysaccharides caused compensatory up-regulation of three known acetyltransferases and increased polysaccharide accessibility to glycosyl hydrolases. Transgenic plants showed increased resistance to the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Bipolaris sorokiniana but not to the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas oryzae. These results demonstrate a role, in both monocot and dicot plants, of hemicellulose and pectin acetylation in plant defense against fungal pathogens.The cell wall is one of the most important compartments of the plant cell. This external cell skeleton plays an important role in cell and tissue shape determination. Besides its structural role, this extracellular complex is involved in the control of important functions such as cell-cell interactions, whole-plant growth, development, and interaction with the environment. The plant cell wall is mainly composed of highly dynamic heteropolysaccharides assembled in macromolecular Besides the diversity of monosaccharide composition, cell wall polysaccharides are also modified with methyl, acetyl, and feruloyl groups, which are mainly O-linked to sugars. These functional groups are believed to protect polysaccharides from the action of specific glycosyl hydrolases and to cross link cell wall constituents controlling cell extensibility (Perrone et al., 2002;Gou et al., 2012). For example, methylesterification/

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“…Mutant pme3 is more resistant to B. cinerea and Pectobacterium carotovorum and total PME activity is reduced (Raiola et al, 2011). In addition, ectopic expression of PMEI genes rendered plants more resistant against various necrotrophic pathogens Lionetti et al, 2007;Volpi et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

et al. 2013

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Pectins, major components of dicot cell walls, are synthesized in a heavily methylesterified form in the Golgi and are partially deesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs) upon export to the cell wall. PME activity is important for the virulence of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Here, the roles of Arabidopsis PMEs in pattern-triggered immunity and immune responses to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterial hemibiotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326 (Pma ES4326) were studied. Plant PME activity increased during pattern-triggered immunity and after inoculation with either pathogen. The increase of PME activity in response to pathogen treatment was concomitant with a decrease in pectin methylesterification. The pathogen-induced PME activity did not require salicylic acid or ethylene signaling, but was dependent on jasmonic acid signaling. In the case of induction by A. brassicicola, the ethylene response factor, but not the MYC2 branch of jasmonic acid signaling, contributed to induction of PME activity, whereas in the case of induction by Pma ES4326, both branches contributed. There are 66 PME genes in Arabidopsis, suggesting extensive genetic redundancy. Nevertheless, selected pme single, double, triple and quadruple mutants allowed significantly more growth of Pma ES4326 than wild-type plants, indicating a role of PMEs in resistance to this pathogen. No decreases in total PME activity were detected in these pme mutants, suggesting that the determinant of immunity is not total PME activity; rather, it is some specific effect of PMEs such as changes in the pattern of pectin methylesterification.The plant cell wall determines cell shape, facilitates cell-cell interaction, and provides mechanical strength to plant cells. De Bary (1886) first observed that a plant pathogen, Sclerotina sclerotiorum, degraded host cell walls during infection. Later, it was concluded that plant cell walls act as preformed structural barriers against pathogen entry, because it was noticed that many plant pathogens produced various types of cell wall-degrading enzymes and that some of those were required for optimal infection of host plants (Albersheim et al., 1969).Arabidopsis mesophyll cells are surrounded by primary cell walls consisting of three major components: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Pectins make up approximately 50% of Arabidopsis leaf cell walls (Zablackis et al., 1995;Harholt et al., 2010). They are complex GalA-containing polysaccharides composed of homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I and II, and xylogalacturonan (Mohnen, 2008). HG is typically the most abundant polysaccharide, constituting approximately 65% of the pectin (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al., 2010). HG is a linear homopolymer of 1,4-linked GalA and is synthesized in the Golgi in a highly methylesterified form (Caffall and Mohnen, 2009). Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylesterify HG in the apoplast (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al., 2010). Demethylesterification of pectin is considered t...

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The Ectopic Expression of a Pectin Methyl Esterase Inhibitor Increases Pectin Methyl Esterification and Limits Fungal Diseases in Wheat

Cited by 134 publications

References 48 publications

Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development

Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development

Arabidopsis and Brachypodium distachyon Transgenic Plants Expressing Aspergillus nidulans Acetylesterases Have Decreased Degree of Polysaccharide Acetylation and Increased Resistance to Pathogens

Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

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