The Educational Gradient in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients in the General Adult and Elderly Population: The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Nilsen, Linn; Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Skeie, Guri; Grimsgaard, Sameline; Lundblad, Marie Wasmuth

doi:10.3390/nu13020405

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Education is frequently used as an appropriate indicator for socioeconomic status [23,24], and the association between education and intake of fruit and vegetables found in this study may serve as a measure of social inequality in health. An educational gradient in favor of those with higher education was also found for intake of fiber, proteins and added sugar in a previous study of the same population [25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Intake of Vegetables, Fruits and Berries and Compliance to “Five-a-Day” in a General Norwegian Population—The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

et al. 2021

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Vegetables, fruits and berries are associated with reduced disease risk, and recommended intake is “five-a-day”. We studied the intake of vegetables, fruits and berries and compliance with “five-a-day” in 11,425 adults (40–96 years) who completed a food frequency questionnaire in the seventh wave of the Tromsø Study (2015–2016). Intake and proportion above/below recommended intake (250 g/day of vegetables and 250 g/day of fruits/berries, combined and separately) were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to examine compliance with recommendations in 10-year age-groups, and level of education, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity, in strata of sex and adjusted for total energy. Median intake of vegetables was 228 and 168 g/day, and fruits/berries 292 and 268 g/day, in women and men, respectively. In total, 31% of women and 17% of men met the five-a-day recommendation, and 44% and 60% of women, and 25% and 54% of men, met the recommendation for vegetables and fruits/berries, respectively. Odds of compliance with recommendation for both vegetables and fruits/berries were positively associated with age, education and physical activity (p trend < 0.001). The intake of vegetables, fruits and berries was suboptimal, in particular for vegetables. More women than men met the recommendation, and intake varied by education, physical activity level, age and BMI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Intake of Vegetables, Fruits and Berries and Compliance to “Five-a-Day” in a General Norwegian Population—The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

et al. 2021

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“…We observed an inverse association between educational level and the unhealthy diet indicator of fruit/vegetable intake <5 units/day, consistent with previous research 57 58. This pattern has been previously demonstrated in the Tromsø7 population,59 along with educational gradients in other unhealthy diet indicators, such as intake of saturated fat, salt and sugar 60. Although our finding was statistically significant, we observed that the age-adjusted proportions who had an insufficient fruit/vegetable intake were high across all educational groups, indicating that few meet the recommendations regardless of educational level.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Social inequality in prevalence of NCD risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis from the population-based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Hetland,

Wilsgaard,

Hopstock

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveWe aimed to examine associations between educational level, serving as an indicator of socioeconomic position, and prevalence of WHO-established leading behavioural and biological risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), in middle-aged to older women and men.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study.SettingAll inhabitants of the municipality of Tromsø, Norway, aged ≥40 years, were invited to the seventh survey (2015–2016) of the Tromsø Study; an ongoing population-based cohort study.ParticipantsOf the 32 591 invited; 65% attended, and a total of 21 069 women (53%) and men aged 40–99 years were included in our study.Outcome measuresWe assessed associations between educational level and NCD behavioural and biological risk factors: daily smoking, physical inactivity (sedentary in leisure time), insufficient fruit/vegetable intake (<5 units/day), harmful alcohol use (>10 g/day in women, >20 g/day in men), hypertension, obesity, intermediate hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolaemia. These were expressed as odds ratios (OR) per unit decrease in educational level, with 95% CIs, in women and men.ResultsIn women (results were not significantly different in men), we observed statistically significant associations between lower educational levels and higher odds of daily smoking (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.60 to 1.78), physical inactivity (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.31 to 1.46), insufficient fruit/vegetable intake (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.66), hypertension (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.30), obesity (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.29), intermediate hyperglycaemia (OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.19), and hypercholesterolaemia (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.12), and lower odds of harmful alcohol use (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.78).ConclusionWe found statistically significant educational gradients in women and men for all WHO-established leading NCD risk factors within a Nordic middle-aged to older general population. The prevalence of all risk factors increased at lower educational levels, except for harmful alcohol use, which increased at higher educational levels.

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“…Although in present study no association was found between added sugar intake and educational level and age, other studies indicated a higher sugar consumption among individuals with lower educational levels 31,35 and among older adults 36 . Furthermore, despite dental prostheses usage, dysphagia and changes in taste are factors that may interfere with food preferences among older adults, in our study no significant differences were observed between these variables and average sugar consumption in population (not shown data).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Factors associated with added sugar consumption of older adults from the region of Campinas-SP, Brazil

Júnior

Freiria

Silva

et al. 2023

Ciênc. saúde coletiva

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Adequate nutrition has a profound impact on older adults’ health. Therefore, special attention should be given to the dietetic intake of added sugars, which in excess is associated with poorer control of chronic diseases in this phase. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of consumption of added sugars in older adults in the Campinas-SP region, its associated factors, and its main dietary sources. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the region of Campinas-SP, with a convenience sample of 586 older individuals. Intake was obtained using two 24-hour food recalls, and values >5% of total energy consumption were considered inadequate. The contribution of the groups and foods in relation to the total content of sugars was also calculated. A critical level of p<0.05 was considered. The average intake of added sugars was higher than recommended (7.0%), and this inadequacy was observed in more than half of the sample, being table sugar and honey the main dietary sources. The prevalence of inadequate consumption was higher among women (69.8%; p=0.004) and individuals with low weight (83.7%; p=0.014), and lower in those with diabetes (47.8%; p<0.001). Results indicate that health and nutrition actions should be developed to ensure adequate sugar intake at this stage.

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The Educational Gradient in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients in the General Adult and Elderly Population: The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Intake of Vegetables, Fruits and Berries and Compliance to “Five-a-Day” in a General Norwegian Population—The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Intake of Vegetables, Fruits and Berries and Compliance to “Five-a-Day” in a General Norwegian Population—The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Social inequality in prevalence of NCD risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis from the population-based Tromsø Study 2015–2016

Factors associated with added sugar consumption of older adults from the region of Campinas-SP, Brazil

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