The Effect of a Pain Educational Video Upon Child Pain-Related Memory and the Moderating Role of Parental Pain- and Non-Pain-Attending Verbalizations: An Experimental Lab-Based Study

Abstract

Objectives Early memories of pain contribute to fear and may underlie the maintenance and development of chronic pain into adulthood. Accordingly, understanding determinants that may impact children’s pain memory development is key. This study examined (a) the effect of a brief engaging pain educational video in healthy children before undergoing an experimental pain task upon children’s recalled pain intensity and pain-related fear and (b) the moderating role of parental pain- and non-pain-attending verbalizations before and after the pain task. Methods Seventy-seven children (8–15 years old) participated in an experimental heat pain task, including actual heat pain stimuli delivered through a thermode on their forearm. Children were randomized to the experimental group (i.e., watching a pain educational video) or the control group (i.e., no video). Children’s recalled pain intensity and pain-related fear were elicited 2 weeks later. Results Findings showed that recalled pain intensity (but not recalled pain-related fear) of children who watched the pain educational video was significantly lower compared to the control group (p = .028). Further, parental pain-attending verbalizations before the pain task moderated the impact of the video upon children’s recalled pain intensity (p = .038). Specifically, children in the control group, but not the experimental group, whose parents used less pain-attending verbalizations recalled higher pain intensity, whereas children whose parents used more pain-attending verbalizations recalled lower pain intensity. Conclusions As children’s pain memories have important implications for pain assessment, treatment, and health across the lifespan, these findings might have important implications for the prevention of development or maintenance of maladaptive pain-related outcomes.

The Effect of Robot-Led Distraction during Needle Procedures on Pain-Related Memory Bias in Children with Chronic Diseases: A Pilot and Feasibility Study

“…In fact, weak correlations between both dimensions of recalled pain are frequently observed (see [ 61 ]). Findings of the current study underscore the importance of a multidimensional (memory for) pain assessment (i.e., including measures for both sensory and affective aspects of pain; also see [ 12 , 16 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 62 , 63 ]). This being said, findings of the current study tentatively suggest the promising potential of robot-led distraction to improve pain-related memory bias development in children with chronic diseases in the context of needle procedures.…”

“…Approximately one week after the procedure, participants were contacted by phone and a memory interview was conducted in accordance with previous research assessing pain-related memory in children [ 12 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. In order to facilitate communication during the interview and to avoid introducing a confounding numeric rating scale, each FPS-R and CFS face was assigned a random letter of the alphabet below each face.…”