The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems

McNally, Catherine; Uchida, Emi; Gold, Arthur J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1101825108

Cited by 102 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Although our results suggest that preserving mangroves may often be warranted simply on the basis of reducing carbon emissions, coastal conservation would also bring other benefits, such as biodiversity protection and benefits to fisheries and local communities (26,27). These additional benefits could be considerable and would add further justification for protecting mangroves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss

Siikamäki

Sanchirico

Jardine

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

267

154

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Mangroves are among the most threatened and rapidly disappearing natural environments worldwide. In addition to supporting a wide range of other ecological and economic functions, mangroves store considerable carbon. Here, we consider the global economic potential for protecting mangroves based exclusively on their carbon. We develop unique high-resolution global estimates (5′ grid, about 9 × 9 km) of the projected carbon emissions from mangrove loss and the cost of avoiding the emissions. Using these spatial estimates, we derive global and regional supply curves (marginal cost curves) for avoided emissions. Under a broad range of assumptions, we find that the majority of potential emissions from mangroves could be avoided at less than $10 per ton of CO 2 . Given the recent range of market price for carbon offsets and the cost of reducing emissions from other sources, this finding suggests that protecting mangroves for their carbon is an economically viable proposition. Political-economy considerations related to the ability of doing business in developing countries, however, can severely limit the supply of offsets and increases their price per ton. We also find that although a carbonfocused conservation strategy does not automatically target areas most valuable for biodiversity, implementing a biodiversity-focused strategy would only slightly increase the costs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss

Siikamäki

Sanchirico

Jardine

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

267

154

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“…McNally et al (32) describe the economic impacts of mangrove forest protection in coastal Tanzania. Saadani National Park restricts households from harvesting mangrove wood.…”

Section: Introduction To the Papers In This Special Featurementioning

confidence: 99%

On biodiversity conservation and poverty traps

Barrett

Travis

Dasgupta

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

269

167

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This paper introduces a special feature on biodiversity conservation and poverty traps. We define and explain the core concepts and then identify four distinct classes of mechanisms that define important interlinkages between biodiversity and poverty. The multiplicity of candidate mechanisms underscores a major challenge in designing policy appropriate across settings. This framework is then used to introduce the ensuing set of papers, which empirically explore these various mechanisms linking poverty traps and biodiversity conservation.development | ecosystem | natural resources | sustainability | wildlife S temming biodiversity loss and reducing poverty are global challenges of the first order, enshrined in both the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Millennium Development Goals, agreed by virtually all countries over the past decade. The world is nonetheless struggling to meet the ambitions expressed in those global accords. The World Wide Fund for Nature International finds that the earth's wildlife populations have declined by a third over the past 35 y alone but by even more, 60%, in poorer tropical regions (1). The rate and magnitude of these losses will define the earth's sixth mass extinction period unless we quickly reverse this decline (2). Meanwhile, leaving aside the remarkable case of China, the number of people living in extreme poverty increased by more than 30% from 1981 to 2004 and now surpasses 1 billion (3).The persistence of extreme poverty and continued rapid loss of biodiversity appear intimately related. Extreme poverty and biodiversity hot spots are geographically coincident, concentrated in rural areas where livelihoods depend disproportionately on natural capital embodied in forests, rangelands, soils, water, and wildlife. Colocation naturally gives rise to closely coupled human-managed ecosystems that are in a precarious balance at best. Lack of resources, institutions, and governance structures often leaves local people illequipped to institute mechanisms to ensure long-term resource maintenance. Compounding this problem, the conditions of the human and nonhuman species within ecosystems coevolve in response to subtle shifts in any of several subsystems.Despite the importance of this coevolutionary relationship, connections between poverty traps and biodiversity conservation remain remarkably underexplored, not only in formal theorizing* but especially empirically. We have surprisingly little observational or experimental detail describing interactions in closely coupled human and natural systems in the rural tropics. In the absence of rigorous evidence on the synergies or tradeoffs between biodiversity conservation and escape from poverty traps, opinion and untested hypotheses predominate and crucial linkages are too often overlooked. Conservationists typically ignore the predictable consequences of human agency; people adapt behaviors in response to changes in environmental management, often generating unintended consequences that undermine conservation objectives (6). Simi...

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“…Human management of ecosystems may cause a mutual conversion between tradeoffs and synergies that arise as the spatial scales move up, bringing about desirable or undesirable outcomes (Heal, 2000;Balvanera et al, 2001). Addressing these challenges requires accounting for mainstream ESs spatio-temporally at different scales during LULC changes (McNally et al, 2011;Dymond et al, 2012). Along with the growing recognition of integrating ESs into ecosystem-based management decisions, spatial patterns of ESs across landscapes should be more broadly explored (Egoh et al, 2008;Tallis et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi, China

Jia

Feng

et al. 2014

Ecological Indicators

328

162

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a b s t r a c tAs an important part of the strategy of Western development, the Grain-for-Green Program (GFGP) was initiated to protect the environment and mitigate disasters. Ecosystem services and their dynamics are considered emerging features of ecological quality and the change in direction by many scholars and practitioners. Extending from ecosystem services (ESs) modeling, we propose a simple and feasible framework for quantitatively assessing the benefits and equilibrium of the consequences of the GFGP. Our starting evaluation shows that ESs has changed dramatically in the GFGP area. By fitting pair-wise ESs' spatial concordances at the grid-cell level, we have revealed the tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating services and the synergies between the regulating services. The analysis of the variability of the relationship between ESs on different land cover types clearly identifies the vegetation that has produced exceptionally strong ESs. Our findings suggest that quantifying the interactions between ESs may improve the ecosystem-based management practices and support policy-making to address the challenges of the sustainable use of natural resources. The framework designed for regional-scale analysis can help in clearly understanding the interrelations of ESs and make natural resources related decisions more effective and efficient, although this framework still needs to move beyond these fundamental and illustrative analyses to more fully explain the synergies and tradeoffs.

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The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems

Cited by 102 publications

References 18 publications

Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss

Global economic potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove loss

On biodiversity conservation and poverty traps

The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the Grain-for-Green areas in Northern Shaanxi, China

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