The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants

Darrall, N. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01913.x

Cited by 545 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…The most important consequence of ozone-induced injury is a reduction of productivity which has been observed after fumigation of crops and trees. Although the exact mechanism of the injur}^ process is still poorly understood, changes in carbon allocation and a decline of net photosynthesis are well documented and can affect plant growth (for reviews see Darrall, 1989;Hampp, 1992;Heath, 1994;Matyssek et al, 1995;Schmieden & Wild, 1995). In many fumigation experiments reduced C export and an accumulation of carbohydrates in mature leaves were found (Ito, Mitsumori & Totsuka, 1985;Kuppers & Klumpp, 1988;LuethyKrause & Landolt, 1990;Biicker & Ballach, 1992;Matyssek et al, 1992;Willenbrink & Schatten, 1993;Landolt et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone‐induced accumulation of carbohydrates changes enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in birch leaves

et al. 1997

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SUMMARYBirch cuttings {Betula pendula Roth) were grown in a sand-culture system with two concentrations (0-05, HF and 0-005%, LF) of fertilizer containing macronutrients and micronutrients, and were exposed to 90/40 nll"^ O3 (day/night) and < 3 nl T^ O3 (control) for one growing season in the field fumigation chambers at Birmensdorf (Switzerland). Leaves of different ages were analysed for gas exchange, contents of chlorophyll, protein, and for metabolites as well as enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism.Ozone reduced net photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents in mature leaves of both fertilization treatments, whereas that of protein was only reduced in high-fertilized plants (HF). However, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and protein increased in young leaves of low'-fertilized plants (LF). The effects of ozone on enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism were most pronounced in leaves of LF plants. Specific activities of the sucrose-cleaving enzymes, sucrose synthase and alkaline invertase, were induced, whereas acid invertase was unchanged. Extractable activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, which is a key enzyme of sucrose synthesis, was reduced. Levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, an inhibitor of sucrose synthesis, were increased in leaves of O3/LF plants, but reduced in O3/HF plants. In addition, activities of enzymes involved in starch metabolism, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch phosphorylase, were lowered in ozone-treated samples and the ratio of ATP: ADP was increased.It is concluded that chronic ozone exposure leads to an inhibition of sucrose synthesis and favours sucrose degradation. This effect is modulated by the nutrient status of the plants, indicating higher O3 tolerance in HF plants. Furthermore, as the metabolic responses in the ozone-treated samples resemble very closely those observed under end-product inhibition of photosynthesis, we assume that the O3 effect is mainly due to reduced photosynthate export.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone‐induced accumulation of carbohydrates changes enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in birch leaves

et al. 1997

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“…Nu-pendula, Matyssek et al (1992)) and poplar {Pop-merous effects on photosynthesis and carbohydrate ulusx euramericana, Matyssek et al (1993)). Recent metabolism resulting in alterations to translocation results with the same poplar species have revealed and growth have been reported (Darrall 1989). In that there is a dynamic response of the whole plant to , ,,, ^^ ^ ozone (Landolt(p/a/., 1994).…”

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Effect of fertilization on ozone‐induced changes in the metabolism of birch (Betula pendula) leaves

et al. 1997

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SUMMARYClotied cuttings oi Betula pendula Roth were grown in field fumigation chambers at Birmensdorf throughout one growing season in filtered air with either < 3 (control) or 90/40 nl 1"^ O^ (day/night; ozone generated from pure oxygen). Each ozone regime was split into high and low soil nutrient regimes by watering plants with either a 0-05''[, or a 0-005 "o solution of a fertilizer which contained macronutrients and micronutrients.Fertilization had a strong effect on plant growth, enzyme activities and the expression of ozone-induced effects at the biochemical level. The activities of PEPC and Rubisco were enhanced about threefold in the plants with high fertilization (HF). Significant effects of ozone were in most cases found only in the older leaves of the plants with low fertilization (LF). There, sucrose, glucose and fructose levels were enhanced. In both fertilization treatments, the number of starch granules along the minor veins was increased. These ozone effects point to a decreased or inhibited phloem loading. The increased PEPC activity and the enhanced tnalate levels in the ozoneexposed plants might be the result of a redirection of carbon flow from sucrose synthesis and translocation towards anapieurotic processes, which can feed detoxification and repair of ozone injury as indicated by enhanced respiration. These findings agree well with the observed effects of ozone in lowering the root: shoot biomass ratio. Although there was a marked reduction in the O^/LF plants, O^/HF plants showed no significant response. Inositol was decreased under ozone exposure In both fertilizer treatments, contrasting with the pattern for carbohydrates.These results demonstrate the role of fertilization as an important modifier of ozone-induced effects at the plant biochemical level. Well fertilized plants appear to cope better with the impact of ozone on metabolism.Keywords; Ozone/fertilization interactions, carbohydrates, phosphoenolpynjvate carboxylase, Rubisco, carbon allocation/partitioning, Betula pendula.woody plants with indeterminate growth, mature INTRODUCTION leaves near the stem bases export most of the fixed C Plant grovv'th is the result of a balance between to the lower stem and roots throughout the growing carbon gain, allocation and use. To ensure survival, season (Dickson, 1991 ;Coleman et al., 1995). Not plants have to cope with a variety of environmental surprisingly, ozone, which predominantly affects variables such as ozone or nutrient availability. The these older leaves, often leads to reduced root:shoot basic responses to ozone primarily take place at the ratios, as shown for forest trees such as birch {Betula biochemical and physiological levels in leaves. Nu-pendula, Matyssek et al. (1992)) and poplar {Pop-merous effects on photosynthesis and carbohydrate ulusx euramericana, Matyssek et al. (1993)). Recent metabolism resulting in alterations to translocation results with the same poplar species have revealed and growth have been reported (Darrall 1989). In that there is a dynamic response o...

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“…This finding is consistent with those of experiments performed with spruce (Thoene et al, 1996) and wheat . Inhibitory effects of NO # on photosynthesis and\or stimulation of stomatal conductance were observed only in long-term NO # -exposure experiments or fumigation with much higher NO # concentrations (Hill & Bennett, 1970 ;Saxe, 1986 ;Darall, 1989 ;Van Hove et al, 1992).…”

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NH₃ and NO₂ fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters

2000

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The dynamic-chamber technique was used to investigate the correlation between NH $ and NO # fluxes and different climatic and physiological parameters : air temperature ; relative air humidity ; photosynthetic photon fluence rate ; NH $ and NO # concentrations ; transpiration rate ; leaf conductance for water vapour ; and photosynthetic activity. The experiments were performed with twigs from the sun crown of mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) at a field site (Ho$ glwald, Germany), and with 12-wk-old beech seedlings under controlled conditions. Both sets of experiments showed that NO # and NH $ fluxes depended linearly on NO # and NH $ concentration, respectively, in the concentration ranges representative for the field site studied, and on watervapour conductance as a measure for stomatal aperture. The NO # compensation point determined in the field studies (the atmospheric NO # concentration with no net NO # flux) was 1n8-1n9 nmol mol −" . The NH $ compensation point varied between 3n3 and 3n5 nmol mol −" in the field experiments, and was 3n0 nmol mol −" in the experiments under controlled conditions. The climatic factors T and PPFR were found to influence both NO # and NH $ fluxes indirectly, by changing stomatal conductance. Whilst NO # flux showed a response to changing relative humidity that could be explained by altered stomatal conductance, increased NH $ flux with increasing relative humidity ( 50 %) depended on other factors. The exchange of NO # between above-ground parts of beech trees and the atmosphere could be explained exclusively by uptake or emission of NO # through the stomata, as indicated by the quotient between measured and predicted NO # conductance of approx. 1 under all environmental conditions examined. Neither internal mesophyll resistances nor additional sinks could be observed for adult trees or for beech seedlings. By contrast, the patterns of NH $ flux could not be explained by an exclusive exchange of NH $ through the stomata. Deposition into additional sinks on the leaf surface, as indicated by an increase in the quotient between measured and predicted NH $ conductance, gained importance in high air humidity, when the stomata were closed or nearly closed and\or when atmospheric NH $ concentrations were high. Although patterns of NH $ gas exchange did not differ between different months or years at high NH $ concentrations (c. 140 nmol mol −" ), it must be assumed that emission or deposition fluxes at low ambient NH $ concentration (0n8 and 4n5 nmol mol −" ) might vary significantly with time because of variation in the NH $ compensation point.

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The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants

Cited by 545 publications

References 123 publications

Ozone‐induced accumulation of carbohydrates changes enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in birch leaves

Ozone‐induced accumulation of carbohydrates changes enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in birch leaves

Effect of fertilization on ozone‐induced changes in the metabolism of birch (Betula pendula) leaves

NH₃ and NO₂ fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters

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The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants

Cited by 545 publications

References 123 publications

Ozone‐induced accumulation of carbohydrates changes enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in birch leaves

Ozone‐induced accumulation of carbohydrates changes enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in birch leaves

Effect of fertilization on ozone‐induced changes in the metabolism of birch (Betula pendula) leaves

NH3 and NO2 fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters

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NH₃ and NO₂ fluxes between beech trees and the atmosphere – correlation with climatic and physiological parameters