“…Furthermore, not only the air-present steam results in a lower temperature than the air-absent steam at the selected pressure (Scruton, 1989) but also during pasteurization under the air-present steam condition, the vapor condensation or heat transfer is interfered by air barriers around treating samples. Therefore, surface pasteurization by "Rapid Hygrothermal Pasteurization" is more effective in the airabsent steam condition than in the air-present steam condition.…”