The effect of almond intake on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Asbaghi, Omid; Moodi, Vihan; Hadi, Amir; Eslampour, Elham; Shirinbakhshmasoleh, Mina; Ghaedi, Ehsan; Miraghajani, Maryam

doi:10.1039/d0fo02878a

Cited by 24 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In contrast with our findings, Asbaghi et al, in a meta‐analysis of 27 RCTs, revealed that almond intake significantly changed the serum concentrations of TG, TC, and LDL‐C among healthy and unhealthy people (Asbaghi et al, 2021). However, in line with our findings, in a systematic review and meta‐analysis conducted by Lee‐Bravatti et al, they reported that almond consumption caused a significant decrease in serum LDL‐C concentration; however, TG concentration was not significantly different (Lee‐Bravatti et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…However, in line with our findings, in a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Lee-Bravatti et al, they reported that almond consumption caused a significant decrease in serum LDL-C concentration; however, TG concentration was not One of the reasons for this discrepancy could be the difference in the type of population studied. The studies included in this metaanalysis were all designed for patients with diabetes, a significant percentage of whom also have dyslipidemia, while in the previous metaanalysis (Asbaghi, Moodi, et al, 2021;Musa-Veloso, Paulionis, Poon, & Lee, 2016), participants with different health status were included in the analysis. Almonds contain some active ingredients such as monoand polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly conjugated linoleic acids), which can improve lipid profile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of almond on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Moosavian

Rahimlou

Kelishadi

et al. 2022

Phytotherapy Research

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An enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) still exists even when T2DM patients have tight control on blood sugar. Thus, identification of treatment approaches that address CVD risk factors may be useful for patients beyond the blood sugar management. Although emerging evidence suggests that nuts consumption have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health, the effects of almond intake in patients with type 2 diabetes are still controversial. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of almond on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with T2DM through a systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify relevant RCTs up to March 2021. There was no language and time limitation.Weighted mean difference (WMD) was pooled using a random effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were reported using standard methods.Nine RCTs were included in the final analysis. Almond intake resulted in significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: À5.28 mg/dL; 95% CI, À9.92, À0.64; p = .026) compared with the control group. This lowering effect of LDL-C was robust in subgroups with almond consumption >50 g/day, and baseline LDL-C level <130 mg/dL. However, the effect of almond on total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, weight, body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and CRP was not significant compared with the control group. In summary, the current metaanalysis indicated that almond consumption decreased LDL-C, and had no favorable effect on other cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with T2DM. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the almond.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of almond on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Moosavian

Rahimlou

Kelishadi

et al. 2022

Phytotherapy Research

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“…In this study, non-alcoholic beverages; desserts; candy, sugar, and sweets were partially displaced by walnuts. These types of foods might be associated with weight gain [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], reduced bone strength [ 29 , 30 ], nutritional deficiencies [ 29 , 30 ], dental caries [ 31 , 32 ], hypertension [ 3 , 5 , 14 , 33 ], type 2 diabetes [ 28 , 34 , 35 ], cardiovascular disease [ 3 , 5 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], metabolic syndrome [ 27 ], and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [ 36 ]. Walnuts displaced seven food groups by more than 110%, which means that participants ate less of these food groups in the walnut-supplemented diet than in the habitual diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several large epidemiological studies have proven the protective effects of nut consumption on cardiovascular health [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] and blood lipid profiles [ 5 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], and in preventing cardiovascular disease complications and early death among individuals with type 2 diabetes [ 16 , 17 ]. Although considered a dense source of energy due to their fat content, regular nut consumption has not been implicated in long-term weight gain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food and Nutrient Displacement by Walnut Supplementation in a Randomized Crossover Study

et al. 2022

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The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of a daily supplement of walnuts on the overall daily diet and nutrient profile of healthy adults. A randomized controlled trial with crossover design was conducted for two 6-month diet periods in southeast Californian communities. Subjects were randomized to receive a control diet or a walnut-supplemented diet, then switched. The walnut supplement represented approximately 12% of their daily energy intake. Trained nutritionists collected seven 24 h dietary recalls from each participant (a total of 14 recalls for both periods). Ninety participants were able to complete the study, including 50 females and 40 males. The average age of the participants was 54.3 years. Diets in the walnut period had significantly higher vegetable protein, total fat, total PUFA, PUFA 18:2, PUFA 22:6, and total dietary fiber (p < 0.05), while also exhibiting significantly lower PUFA 20:5. All mineral levels were higher on the walnut-supplemented diet. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc were, particularly, significantly higher among the walnut-supplemented group (p < 0.05). Displacement occurred in more than one-third of the entire nuts and seeds group; four-fifths of the non-alcoholic beverages and desserts groups; and the majority of the candy, sugar, and sweets group. Walnut supplementation can lead to favorable modifications in nutrient and food intake profiles that may contribute to chronic disease prevention. Nutrient and food displacement may be a mechanism to explain the favourable association between walnut intake and improved diet.

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“…The lipid effects for individual nut types have been examined in meta-analyses of RCTs using walnuts (24 studies) [ 70 ], almonds (27 studies) [ 71 ], pistachios (11 studies) [ 72 ], hazelnuts (3 studies) [ 73 ], and cashews (3 studies) [ 74 ]. All individual nuts except cashews reduced LDL-cholesterol to a similar extent than reported for total nuts in the mentioned systematic reviews [ 9 , 67 ], but cashews had no effect, which may be due to the low number of RCTs analyzed.…”

Section: Nut Consumption and Health Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals

2021

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Common nuts (tree nuts and peanuts) are energy-dense foods that nature has gifted with a complex matrix of beneficial nutrients and bioactives, including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, high-quality protein, fiber, non-sodium minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and antioxidant phenolics. These nut components synergize to favorably influence metabolic and vascular physiology pathways, ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors and improve cardiovascular prognosis. There is increasing evidence that nuts positively impact myriad other health outcomes as well. Nut consumption is correlated with lower cancer incidence and cancer mortality, and decreased all-cause mortality. Favorable effects on cognitive function and depression have also been reported. Randomized controlled trials consistently show nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect. Nut consumption also confers modest improvements on glycemic control, blood pressure (BP), endothelial function, and inflammation. Although nuts are energy-dense foods, they do not predispose to obesity, and in fact may even help in weight loss. Tree nuts and peanuts, but not peanut butter, generally produce similar positive effects on outcomes. First level evidence from the PREDIMED trial shows that, in the context of a Mediterranean diet, consumption of 30 g/d of nuts (walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts) significantly lowered the risk of a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular disease) by ≈30% after intervention for 5 y. Impressively, the nut-supplemented diet reduced stroke risk by 45%. As they are rich in salutary bioactive compounds and beneficially impact various health outcomes, nuts can be considered natural pleiotropic nutraceuticals.

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The effect of almond intake on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract: A number of clinical trials have examined the effect of almond intake on lipid profile in recent years; however, the results remain equivocal. Therefore, the present study aims to summarize...

Cited by 24 publications

References 62 publications

Effects of almond on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Effects of almond on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Food and Nutrient Displacement by Walnut Supplementation in a Randomized Crossover Study

Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals

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