The effect of amoxycillin on salivary nitrite concentrations: an important mechanism of adverse reactions?

Dougall, H. W.; Smith, Lorna; Duncan, Callum W.; Benjamin, Nigel

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04479.x

Cited by 68 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Nitrite is converted to nitric oxide in the acidified stomach, and this has antimicrobial properties and contributes to defence against enteropathogens, and in the regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus formation. The reduction of nitrate to nitrite in saliva falls markedly in human volunteers [Dougall et al, 1995;Govoni et al, 2008;Petersson et al, 2009] and laboratory animals [Petersson et al, 2009] when the resident salivary microbiota is deliberately suppressed using antimicrobial agents. The suppression of endogenous nitrate reduction in the animal model resulted in a loss of the predicted biological benefits of nitrite, including reduced gastric mucus thickness, while the expected fall in blood pressure following a nitrate supplement was prevented [Petersson et al, 2009].…”

Section: Benefits Of the Oral Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Approaches to Oral Biofilms: Control without Killing

Marsh

Head²,

DeVine³

2015

Caries Res

162

147

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Humans have co-evolved with micro-organisms and have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with their resident microbiome. As at other body surfaces, the mouth has a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as structurally and functionally organised biofilms. The oral microbiota is natural and provides important benefits to the host, including immunological priming, down-regulation of excessive pro-inflammatory responses, regulation of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, and colonisation by exogenous microbes. On occasions, this symbiotic relationship breaks down, and previously minor components of the microbiota outcompete beneficial bacteria, thereby increasing the risk of disease. Antimicrobial agents have been formulated into many oral care products to augment mechanical plaque control. A delicate balance is needed, however, to control the oral microbiota at levels compatible with health, without killing beneficial bacteria and losing the key benefits delivered by these resident microbes. These antimicrobial agents may achieve this by virtue of their recommended twice daily topical use, which results in pharmacokinetic profiles indicating that they are retained in the mouth for relatively long periods at sublethal levels. At these concentrations they are still able to inhibit bacterial traits implicated in disease (e.g. sugar transport/acid production; protease activity) and retard growth without eliminating beneficial species. In silico modelling studies have been performed which support the concept that either reducing the frequency of acid challenge and/or the terminal pH, or by merely slowing bacterial growth, results in maintaining a community of beneficial bacteria under conditions that might otherwise lead to disease (control without killing).

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Section: Benefits Of the Oral Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Approaches to Oral Biofilms: Control without Killing

Marsh

Head²,

DeVine³

2015

Caries Res

162

147

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“…Future studies may utilize different doses of nitrate among larger groups as well employ serial measurements of NO, nitrate, and nitrite to further our understanding of NO metabolism in response to exogenous nitrate in CF. Importantly, this patient with CF did not display several behaviors known to decrease the reduction of dietary nitrate to NO including use of tobacco, 14 antibiotics, 15 or mouthwash. 16 Although, our report is limited to a single male patient with mild CF, dietary nitrate is a component of certain vegetables, appears remarkably safe, and increased FeNO to a greater extent than existing CF therapies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Dietary Nitrate Acutely and Markedly Increased Exhaled Nitric Oxide in a Cystic Fibrosis Case

et al. 2016

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Airway nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule with bronchoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infective roles. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic lung condition associated with deceased exhaled NO. Strategies to increase exhaled NO in CF have yielded inconsistent results. A potential new method of increasing systemic NO involves ingestion of dietary, inorganic nitrate which is reduced to nitrite and NO. We present the case of a 12-year-old, athletic boy with CF who demonstrated acute but marked increases in exhaled NO following dietary nitrate consumption compared to placebo

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“…Furthermore, treatment of healthy volunteers with the broad spectrum antibiotic amoxycillin results in reduced salivary nitrite concentrations [10]. Although we have not been able to characterise the organisms in normal human tongues (this would require a deep biopsy as the majority of the bacteria are at the bottom of the papillary clefts of the tongue surface), the most commonly found nitriteproducing organisms in the rat were Staphylococcus sciuri, followed by Staphylococcus intermedius, Pasteurella spp.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Nitrate In Humansmentioning

confidence: 92%

Nitrates in the human diet - good or bad?

Benjamin

2000

Ann. Zootech.

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-Although the nitrate and nitrite have been used for centuries, it has only recently been discovered that nitrate is manufactured in mammals by the oxidation of nitric oxide and that the nitrate formed also has the potential for disinfecting the food we eat. The mechanisms by which nitric oxide and other nitrogen oxides provide selective toxicity towards pathogens is not yet completely understood, and it is likely that the mechanisms will be different with different organisms. Whereas it is clear that acidified nitrite is produced on mucosal surfaces, and that this combination is effective in killing a variety of human gut and skin pathogens, there is no definite evidence as yet that this mechanism is truly protective in humans exposed to a contaminated environment. Further understanding of the complex chemistry of nitrogen oxides may also help develop new antimicrobial therapies based on augmenting what seems to be a simple and effective host defence system. nitrates / nitrites / human diet / healthRésumé -Les nitrates dans l'alimentation humaine : une bonne ou une mauvaise chose ? Bien que les nitrates soient connus depuis des siècles, c'est seulement depuis peu qu'il a été décou-vert que les nitrates sont synthétisés chez les mammifères à partir du monoxyde d'azote, et que les nitrates formés ont la capacité de tuer les bactéries présentes dans les aliments consommés. Les mécanismes par lesquels le monoxyde d'azote et d'autres oxydes d'azote manifestent une toxicité sélec-tive vis-à-vis de bactéries pathogènes ne sont pas encore totalement élucidés. Il est probable que ces mécanismes dépendent des organismes considérés. Alors qu'il est clair que les nitrites acidifiés sont produits à la surface des muqueuses, et que cela permet de tuer de nombreux agents pathogènes de la peau et de l'intestin de l'Homme, une incertitude demeure quant aux mécanismes de protection réels de l'Homme exposé à un environnement contaminé. Une meilleure compréhension de la chimie complexe des oxydes d'azote permettra d'aider au développement de nouvelles thérapies antibacté-riennes fondées sur l'accroissement de ce qui semble être un système de défense de l'hôte simple et efficace.nitrates / nitrites / alimentation humaine / santé humaine

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The effect of amoxycillin on salivary nitrite concentrations: an important mechanism of adverse reactions?

Cited by 68 publications

References 8 publications

Ecological Approaches to Oral Biofilms: Control without Killing

Ecological Approaches to Oral Biofilms: Control without Killing

Dietary Nitrate Acutely and Markedly Increased Exhaled Nitric Oxide in a Cystic Fibrosis Case

Nitrates in the human diet - good or bad?

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