The Effect of Available Residual Chlorine and Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Upon the Eyes of Swimmers12

The effect of saline on the eye irritation caused by swimming-pool water

“…The results also support the general observations by Mood et al (1951) that an increase in chlorine concentration will cause an increase in irritation. The concentration at which the irritation increases was not, however, the same.…”

“…Mood, Clarke & Gelperin (1951) reviewed earlier investigations and reported their own results. In the first of these, available chlorine over 0 7 mg C12/1.…”

Determinants of Bacterial Contamination in Pools, Spas, and Wading Pools: Should Chlorine Standards Be Revised?

“…The current research confirmed this lack of association. There may be value in maintaining correct pH range due to its impact on comfort of swimmers due to irritation of the eyes (Mood, Clarke, & Gelperin, 1951). The current research is also the first to demonstrate the lack of association between bacterial contamination and alkalinity or TDS.…”

On the possible sources of ocular irritation in chlorinated swimming pools

“…As it is unlikely that epithelium cells and endothelial cells differ greatly in their sensitivity to pH since their environments are similar, these results cast doubt on the direct pH interpretation given by Mood and coworkers to their findings. 22 Their results may well be related to a pH induced shift in the relative concentrations of chlorine species. The reader is reminded that the OC1ion is favoured over its equilibrium partner HOCl at higher pH values.…”

“…The significance of both pH and residual chlorine for ocular irritation has been examined experimentally by Mood, Clark and Gelperin. 22 In a well controlled study, swimmers were restricted to one swimming style and time spent in the water was recorded for all participants. Two different pH values (7 & 8), and two levels of total available chlorine (0.05 & OSppm) were selected for study.…”