The effect of banning avoparcin on VRE carriage in The Netherlands

Bogaard, A E van den; Bruinsma, Nienke; Stobberingh, Ellen E.

doi:10.1093/jac/46.1.146

Cited by 137 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, the GRE carrier rate among healthy humans in Germany decreased from 13% in 1994 to 4% in 1997 (24) following the German ban on avoparcin in 1996. Similarly, a decrease in the occurrence of GRE has been observed among poultry products in Italy during the 18 months following the ban of avoparcin (29) and among humans, broilers, and pigs in The Netherlands from 1997 to 1999 (33) following the ban here.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Effect of Abolishment of the Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Growth Promotion on Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Enterococci from Food Animals in Denmark

Aarestrup

Seyfarth²,

Emborg³

et al. 2001

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

555

318

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From 1995 to 2000, a total of 673 Enterococcus faecium and 1,088 Enterococcus faecalis isolates from pigs together with 856 E. faecium isolates from broilers were isolated and tested for susceptibility to four classes of antimicrobial agents used for growth promotion as part of the Danish program of monitoring for antimicrobial resistance. The four antimicrobials were avilamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. Major changes in the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion have occurred during the last 6 years in Denmark. The government banned the use of avoparcin in 1995 and of virginiamycin in 1998. Furthermore, the producers have voluntarily stopped all use beginning in 1999. The avoparcin ban in 1995 was followed by a decrease in the occurrence of glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium (GRE) in broilers, from 72.7% in 1995 to 5.8% in 2000. The occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among isolates from pigs remained constant at around 20% from 1995 to 1997. It was shown that, in GRE from pigs, the genes encoding macrolide and glycopeptide resistance were genetically linked and that, following the decrease in the use of tylosin during 1998 and 1999, the occurrence of GRE in pigs decreased to 6.0% in 2000. From 1995 to 1997 the occurrence of erythromycin resistance among E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates from pigs was almost 90%. Use of tylosin decreased considerably during 1998 and 1999, and this decrease was followed by decreases in the occurrence of resistance to 46.7 and 28.1% among E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates from pigs, respectively. Erythromycin resistance among E. faecium isolates from broilers reached a maximum of 76.3% in 1997 but decreased to 12.7% in 2000 concomitantly with more limited use of virginiamycin. Use of virginiamycin increased from 1995 to 1997 and was followed by an increased occurrence of virginiamycin resistance among E. faecium isolates in broilers, from 27.3% in 1995 to 66.2% in 1997. In January 1998 the use of virginiamycin was banned in Denmark, and the occurrence of virginiamycin resistance decreased to 33.9% in 2000. Use of avilamycin increased from 1995 to 1996 and was followed by an increase in avilamycin resistance among E. faecium isolates from broilers, from 63.6% in 1995 to 77.4% in 1996. Since 1996 avilamycin usage has decreased, followed by a decrease in resistance to 4.8% in 2000. Our observations show that it is possible to reduce the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in a national population of food animals when the selective pressure is removed. Cases in which resistance to vancomycin was linked to resistance to erythromycin were exceptions. In such cases resistance did not decrease until the use of both avoparcin and tylosin was limited.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Effect of Abolishment of the Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Growth Promotion on Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Enterococci from Food Animals in Denmark

Aarestrup

Seyfarth²,

Emborg³

et al. 2001

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

555

318

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“…It was anticipated that GRE would revert to glycopeptide susceptibility in the absence of antimicrobial selection, due to the cost imposed by the resistance determinant on the fitness of the bacteria. Studies from Denmark, Germany, Italy, and The Netherlands have reported a decrease in the occurrence of GRE in animal production following the avoparcin ban (2,6,24,31,37). Data from the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary sector (NORM-VET) have shown that the proportion of GRE among enterococci in broiler meat samples and feces from broilers is not higher in Norway than in other European countries (3,4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Persistence, and Molecular Characterization of Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococci in Norwegian Poultry and Poultry Farmers 3 to 8 Years after the Ban on Avoparcin

Sørum

Johnsen

Aasnes

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Environmental reservoirs of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) in Norway have been linked to former growth promoting use of the glycopeptide avoparcin in poultry production. We have examined the prevalence of fecal GRE in poultry and poultry farmers 3 to 8 years after the Norwegian avoparcin ban in 1995 and performed molecular analyses of the GRE population. Fecal samples from poultry farmers and their flocks on 29 previously avoparcin-exposed farms were collected on five occasions during the study period (1998 to 2003). All flocks (100%) were GRE positive in 1998. Throughout the study period, 78.5% of the poultry samples were GRE positive. Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GREF) was isolated from 27.6% of the farmer samples in 1998 and from 27.8% of the samples collected between 1998 and 2003. The prevalence of fecal GRE in poultry declined significantly during the study period, but prevalence in samples from the farmers did not decline. PCR analysis revealed a specific Tn1546-plasmid junction fragment in 93.9% of E. faecium isolates. A putative postsegregation killing (PSK) system linked to Tn1546 was detected in 97.1% of the isolates examined. Multilocus sequence typing of glycopeptide-susceptible (n ‫؍‬ 10) and -resistant (n ‫؍‬ 10) E. faecium isolates from humans (n ‫؍‬ 10) and poultry (n ‫؍‬ 10) on two farms displayed 17 different sequence types. The study confirms the continuing persistence of a widespread common plasmid-mediated vanA-pRE25-PSK element within a heterogeneous GRE population on Norwegian poultry farms 8 years after the avoparcin ban. Moreover, it suggests an important role of PSK systems in the maintenance of antimicrobial resistance determinants in reservoirs without apparent antimicrobial selection.

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“…Although it is clear that the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feed contributes to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci isolated from farm animals, the human health consequence of this resistance continues to be debated (1,2,4,26,33). Virginiamycin is still used in food animals in the United States, including chickens, turkeys, swine, and cattle, and strain relatedness and resistance gene content of QDREF isolates has not been well described.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quinupristin-Dalfopristin Resistance inEnterococcus faeciumIsolates from Humans, Farm Animals, and Grocery Store Meat in the United States

et al. 2006

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Three hundred sixty-one quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q-D)-resistant Enterococcus faecium (QDREF) isolateswere isolated from humans, turkeys, chickens, swine, dairy and beef cattle from farms, chicken carcasses, and ground pork from grocery stores in the United States from 1995 to 2003. These isolates were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine possible commonality between QDREF isolates from human and animal sources. PCR was performed to detect the streptogramin resistance genes vatD, vatE, and vgbA and the macrolide resistance gene ermB to determine the genetic mechanism of resistance in these isolates. QDREF from humans did not have PFGE patterns similar to those from animal sources. vatE was found in 35%, 26%, and 2% of QDREF isolates from turkeys, chickens, and humans, respectively, and was not found in QDREF isolates from other sources. ermB was commonly found in QDREF isolates from all sources. Known streptogramin resistance genes were absent in the majority of isolates, suggesting the presence of other, as-yet-undetermined, mechanisms of Q-D resistance.

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The effect of banning avoparcin on VRE carriage in The Netherlands

Cited by 137 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of Abolishment of the Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Growth Promotion on Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Enterococci from Food Animals in Denmark

Effect of Abolishment of the Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Growth Promotion on Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Enterococci from Food Animals in Denmark

Prevalence, Persistence, and Molecular Characterization of Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococci in Norwegian Poultry and Poultry Farmers 3 to 8 Years after the Ban on Avoparcin

Quinupristin-Dalfopristin Resistance inEnterococcus faeciumIsolates from Humans, Farm Animals, and Grocery Store Meat in the United States

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