The effect of benzalkonium chloride additions to AH Plus sealer. Antimicrobial, physical and chemical properties

Arias-Moliz, María Teresa; Ruiz-Linares, Matilde; Cassar, Glenn; Ferrer-Luque, Carmen Marı́a; Baca, Pilar; Ordinola‐Zapata, Ronald; Camilleri, Josette

doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2015.05.003

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Globally, AH Plus showed a reduction in its antimicrobial activity overtime, which is compatible with the results of previous studies 11,25,26) . DCT data indicated that at 24 h after setting, AH Plus achieved a reduction percentage of RLUs close to 80% compared to the control.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity over time of GuttaFlow Bioseal and AH Plus

et al. 2019

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The sealers' antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Enterococcus faecalis were evaluated by direct contact test (DCT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively, after 1 day, and 1 and 4 weeks of aging. Cell viability was determined by adenosin triphosphate (ATP) assay after DCT. The parameters evaluated for the antibiofilm property were total biovolume and percentage of green cells in E.faecalis biofilms. The data from the bioluminescence ATP assay as well as the total biovolume and green percentage were analyzed by non-parametric tests, Kruskal-Wallis for global comparison and Kolmogorov-Smirnov for each two variables. Results of the DCT and CLSM for all parameters evaluated show that the antimicrobial activity of AH Plus decreased over time, whereas GuttaFlow Bioseal had an opposite property, increasing its antibacterial activity as the material aged.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity over time of GuttaFlow Bioseal and AH Plus

et al. 2019

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“…When AH Plus was tested alone and mixed with 1%, 2%, and 3% of BC, the physical properties of the sealers were according to the ANSI/ADA specifications; but, the microhardness decreased significantly when BC was added, and a significant reduction in contact angle was obtained when incorporating 2% and 3% BC ( p < 0.05). It is obvious that the additives to the root canal sealer altered other physical and chemical properties that are not commonly found in the literature to evaluate filling materials and the authors suggested additional testing [27]. A decrease in mechanical strength was also found in another study which dealt with incorporation of antimicrobials in glass-ionomer cements, but it was stated that the microhardness decrease was tolerable, having in mind the improvements in the antimicrobial properties [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Component Release and Mechanical Properties of Endodontic Sealers following Incorporation of Antimicrobial Agents

Gjorgievska

Nicholson

Coleman

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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Root canal sealers with antimicrobial activity are highly beneficial; therefore, their antimicrobial properties could be improved by incorporation of antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the release of the quaternary ammonium compounds from endodontic sealers admixed with either benzalkonium chloride (BC) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) at loadings of 2% wt was monitored. The effect of these additives on the compressive strengths and their release from the sealers was determined after 1 and 4 weeks. All of the materials studied were found to be capable of releasing antimicrobial additive in useful quantities. The release of CPC occurred to a statistically significant greater extent than BC for all materials. The addition of both BC and CPC generally decreased the compressive strength of all the endodontic sealers, with the exception of CPC in AH Plus, where the compressive strength was significantly increased. This suggests that, for these endodontic sealers, the antimicrobial additives alter the setting chemistry. AH Plus is an epoxy-based material cured with an amine, and in this case the increase in compressive strength with CPC is attributed to an enhanced cure reaction with this system. In all other cases, the additive inhibited the cure reaction to a greater or lesser extent.

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“…Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity by direct contact assay [24]. The E. faecalis was suspended in 4 mL brain heart infusion (BHI) medium for 6 h at 37 • C. Using a spectrophotometer (Model 600 Plus; Femto, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), the optical density of the bacterial suspension was adjusted to an equivalent concentration to 1.0 × 10 7 CFU mL −1 (colony-forming units/mL).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity and In Vivo Tissue Response to Apexit Plus

et al. 2020

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We investigated the physical properties, antimicrobial activity, and tissue reaction to Apexit Plus in comparison to Sealapex. Flow, radiopacity, setting time, and solubility were evaluated in each material. The antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was performed. Polyethylene tubes containing Apexit Plus or Sealapex, and without material (control group) were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. At 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of implantation, the specimens were paraffin-embedded and the number of inflammatory cells (ICs) and the amount of birefringent collagen (BC) were quantified. The von Kossa reaction followed by immunohistochemistry for detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was also performed. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The flow value of Apexit Plus was greater than Sealapex, whereas the radiopacity (3.44 mm Al) was lower than Sealapex (6.82 mm Al). Apexit Plus showed lower solubility and shorter initial and final setting (p < 0.0001), whereas the antimicrobial activity was significantly greater than Sealapex. Although the number of ICs was higher in Apexit Plus (p = 0.0009) at 7 days, no significant difference was detected between Apexit Plus and Sealapex at 15, 30, and 60 days. All groups showed higher values for BC in the capsules over time. ALP-immunolabelled cells were observed, mainly around von Kossa-positive structures, either in the capsules of Apexit Plus or Sealapex. Therefore, our results revealed that Apexit Plus exhibited a greater effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis and better physical properties than Sealapex, except for the radiopacity. In vivo findings indicate that Apexit Plus is biocompatible and presents potential bioactivity in the subcutaneous tissue.

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The effect of benzalkonium chloride additions to AH Plus sealer. Antimicrobial, physical and chemical properties

Cited by 31 publications

References 36 publications

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity over time of GuttaFlow Bioseal and AH Plus

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity over time of GuttaFlow Bioseal and AH Plus

Component Release and Mechanical Properties of Endodontic Sealers following Incorporation of Antimicrobial Agents

Physical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity and In Vivo Tissue Response to Apexit Plus

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