The effect of bimodality of the particle size distribution on film formation of latices

Geurts, John M.; Lammers, M.; German, Anton L.

doi:10.1016/0927-7757(95)03404-8

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As can be seen from Figures 2-4, the maleate shows the strongest adsorption followed is today seen as an indispensable tool for monitoring latex film formation in general. [32][33][34][35][36] In this by the crotonate. SDS exhibits a much weaker driving force for adsorption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactants in heterophase polymerization: A study of film formation using force microscopy

Lam¹,

Hellgren²,

Sjöberg³

et al. 1997

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Film formation of three different latices was studied using atomic force microscopy. The latices were made from a mixture of butyl acrylate, styrene, and acrylic acid using either a polymerizable or an unreactive anionic surfactant as an emulsifier. Sodium 11-crotonoyloxyundecan-1-ylsulfate and sodium 3-(sulfopropyl)tetradecylmaleate were used as a reactive surfactant and the unreactive surfactant was sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The conventional surfactant was found to migrate to the surface of the latex film to a much greater extent than did the reactive surfactants; however, also, the latter were incompletely anchored to the particle. The maleate surfactant was bound to a higher degree than was the crotonate, a finding which is in line with the relative reactivities of the two surfactants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactants in heterophase polymerization: A study of film formation using force microscopy

Lam¹,

Hellgren²,

Sjöberg³

et al. 1997

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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“…Some works [28][29][30] showed that MFFT was dependent on the number average diameter (Dn), and lower Dn tended to give lower MFFT. Peters et al 31 used a bimodal latex blends to study the effects of the particles' size and size distribution on mechanical properties and water absorption ratio and MFFT.…”

Section: Properties Of the Composite Lattices And Their Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of polysiloxane–polyacrylates composite lattices by two seeded emulsion polymerization and their film properties

Zou

Zhao

Nie

et al. 2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Gamma ray-induced seeded emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate was carried out in the presence of polymerizable polysiloxane seed latex, which was obtained by the ring-opening copolymerization of octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (D 4 ) and tetramethyl tetravinyl cyclotetrasiloxane(VD 4 ) catalyzed by dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA). After the first seeded polymerization, 3-methacryloxylpropyltrimethoxylsilane (MPS) was added for the second seeded polymerization. The conversion-time curve showed that the first seeded polymerization rate was accelerated much by the polysiloxane seed latex. The final composite lattices also showed good storage stability, mechanical stability, and high electrolyte resistance ability. The morphology of the composite latex particles was found to be a quite uniform fine structure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The graft of polyacrylates onto polysiloxane and hydrolysis of MPS were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The mechanical performance, water absorption ratio, surface properties, and transparency of the latex films were also investigated.

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“…(ii) The corresponding CBO is executed using the parameter vector p (1) , the third phase is stopped at instant t…”

Section: Incorporating the Behavioral Model In A Simple Learning Contmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latex properties (optical properties, film formation) heavily depend on the particle size distribution (PSD) of the latex. 1 Particularly, the use of bimodal PSD was found interesting in increasing the solid content (which is of high interest in order to reduce the drying time and transport costs), while keeping a low latex viscosity (see for instance, Refs. 2 and 3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement based modeling and control of bimodal particle size distribution in batch emulsion polymerization

Alamir¹,

Sheibat‐Othman²,

Othman³

2010

AIChE Journal

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In this article, a novel modeling approach is proposed for bimodal Particle Size Distribution (PSD) control in batch emulsion polymerization. The modeling approach is based on a behavioral model structure that captures the dynamics of PSD. The parameters of the resulting model can be easily identified using a limited number of experiments. The resulting model can then be incorporated in a simple learning scheme to produce a desired bimodal PSD while compensating for model mismatch and/or physical parameters variations using very simple updating rules. V V C 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 56: 2122-2136, 2010 Keywords: polymerization in emulsion, reduced model, particle size distribution, nonlinear control, predictive control IntroductionEmulsion polymerization processes are interesting for the production of adhesives and paints. The latex produced in these processes is the dispersion of polymer particles into water. The latex properties (optical properties, film formation) heavily depend on the particle size distribution (PSD) of the latex.1 Particularly, the use of bimodal PSD was found interesting in increasing the solid content (which is of high interest in order to reduce the drying time and transport costs), while keeping a low latex viscosity (see for instance, Refs. 2 and 3).In Refs. 4 and 5 the theoretical controllability of the population balance equations of this system has been analyzed. The authors concluded that the PSD is approximately controllable for unconstrained manipulation of feed surfactant concentration. Then, the authors used online measurements of the monomer conversion obtained by densimetry and delayed measurements of the particle size compensated by an observer to calculate the number of particles and predict the birth rate of particles in a continuous stirred tank reactor. These measurements were then used in a PID controller that manipulates the surfactant feed to control the PSD.Despite the theoretically possible controllability of the system, and because of the lack of online measurements of the PSD, controlling the PSD remained a difficult task. Light scattering technologies mainly concern monodispersed lattices and operate off-line because of the necessity of dilution. However, the analysis time of such techniques can be reduced to about 5 minutes and might therefore be adapted for online use if a dilution system is incorporated in the process. Separative technologies, such as capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF) are more suitable for multidispersed lattices (see for instance 6 and 7 ) but require a longer analysis time (about 15 minutes) and operate therefore offline. An alternative measurement that can be useful for controlling the PSD is the concentration of the free surfactant in the aqueous phase (since it allows calculating the Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to M. Alamir at mazen.alamir@gipsa-lab.inpg.fr. 2122AIChE Journal August 2010 Vol. 56, No. 8 concentration of micelles) that can be obtained by conductimetry (...

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The effect of bimodality of the particle size distribution on film formation of latices

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

Surfactants in heterophase polymerization: A study of film formation using force microscopy

Surfactants in heterophase polymerization: A study of film formation using force microscopy

Preparation and characterization of polysiloxane–polyacrylates composite lattices by two seeded emulsion polymerization and their film properties

Measurement based modeling and control of bimodal particle size distribution in batch emulsion polymerization

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