The effect of binaural beat audio on anxiety in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy

Abstract

Background:Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is an invasive procedure known to induce anxiety in patients. Binaural beat therapy, in which sounds of different frequencies are delivered to the 2 ears to entrain the brainwaves, has been used to reduce anxiety in some operations. This study aimed to determine the anxiolytic effects of binaural beat audio in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Methods:Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to receive binaural beat music, plain music, or no music. They were asked to wear earphones starting approximately 15 minutes before the bronchoscopy. The level of anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. Blood pressure, heart rate, and sedative drug administration were also recorded.Results:One hundred and twelve subjects were randomized into binaural beat music (n = 38), plain music (n = 38), and no music (n = 36) groups. The mean change in post-bronchoscopy State-Trait Anxiety Inventory state score in the binaural beat music, plain music, and no music group was −7.26 (P < .001), −3.92 (P = .005), and −1.12 (P = .454), respectively. The mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased from baseline by −9.89 (P = .002) and −5.76 (P = .005), respectively, in the binaural group. The mean heart rate increased from baseline by 3.32 (P = .035), 5.21 (P = .038), and 3.64 (P = .149) in the binaural beat music, plain music, and no music groups, respectively.Conclusion:Binaural beat music appeared to reduce anxiety among patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Trial registration: TCTR, TCTR20200915002. Registered 14 September 2020 - Retrospectively registered.

The effect of music on patient anxiety undergoing bronchoscopy: A randomized controlled trial

“…(6) Previous studies using music has failed to reduce anxiety levels among patients undergoing bronchoscopy(16,29). In the other hand a previous study reported a positive effect of music on STAI level (9). A systematic review showed that music during bronchoscopy reduced patients' blood pressure and heart rate, but no conclusive results were obtained on the effect of music on anxiety levels (30) .…”

“…In fact, for some patients, it is more appropriate to express discomfort than fear. (32) To overcome this anxiety during bronchoscopy, different types of music have been studied like binaural beat audio (9) ,piano improvisation(16), soft music (30)or even self-selected music (15) .Music therapy uses various musical elements, including melody, timbre, rhythm, harmony and pitch, to enhance physical and psychological well-being (33).In fact, music acts as a distractor, diverting the patient's attention from negative stimuli to something pleasant and encouraging, thereby improving anxiety. (34).…”

“…Currently, sedation can be used during endoscopic procedures to reduce patient anxiety and discomfort, but with a signi cant rate of cardiorespiratory side effects and cost. (9) .Several non-pharmacological methods have been suggested for this purpose, such as hypnosis, (10) acupuncture (11) and audio-visual distraction. (12) .Music therapy is a form of therapy that uses music as a therapeutic process.…”

Case report: binaural beats music assessment experiment

“…Sung et al (2017) used familiar music with BB to cause immediate physical effects indicating relaxation and reduced depression. Opartpunyasarn et al (2022) examined the effect of BB on anxiety in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The experimental group reported reduced anxiety after listening to BB.…”

The Effectiveness of Supportive Psychotherapy on the Anxiety and Depression Experienced by Patients Receiving Fiberoptic Bronchoscope

“…As demonstrated by a previous study, sputum suction and lavage by FOB promote the treatment effect in patients with severe pneumonia with the improvement of blood oxygen and a decreased inflammatory reaction state (Han et al, 2019 ). In addition, although FOB has been regarded as a “gold standard” tool for managing difficult airways, it could result in several related complications, such as accidental extubating, perioperative hemorrhage, tracheal ring rupture, lesions of the tracheal wall, and abnormal insertion of the cannula (Cabrini et al, 2006 ), which could finally result in adverse emotions, such as anxiety and depression (Shyam et al, 2017 ; Opartpunyasarn et al, 2022 ).…”