The Effect of Biting Fly Control on Milk Production12

Granett, Philip; Hansens, Elton J.

doi:10.1093/jee/49.4.465

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The range of estimated values obtained was from no effect to 330 ml/fly/day. Granett & Hansens (1956) conducted a treatment trial on 15 Holstein and twelve Guernsey cows on two farms. Only a small number of flies of several species, including H. irritans , Stomoxys calcitrans , Chrysops spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of these trials are dubious if a near‐linear relationship between damage and number of parasites is assumed. For example, if 200 flies were present on a cow we would expect milk production to decline by 31.4 litres/day given the results of the second experiment of Granett & Hansens (1957), or by 66.0 l/day given the results of their first experiment (Granett & Hansens 1956). For these reasons, if a linear or near‐linear relationship between n and D is assumed, the results of the four milk‐yield trials should be rejected, or the trials considered to have been conducted with fly numbers below the threshold of adaptation proposed by Haufe (1986).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of the effects of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on the milk production of dairy cattle based on a meta‐analysis of literature data

Jonsson¹,

Mayer

1999

Medical Vet Entomology

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Published reports on the effect of buffalo fly Haematobia irritans exigua De Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae) and the closely related horn fly (H. irritans) were examined and analysed using non-linear weighted regression techniques in an attempt to establish the relationship between daily production loss (D), average number of parasites (n) and the average damage per parasite per day (d), and to provide estimates of expected losses in milk yield (MYD) and live-weight gain (LWG) in dairy cattle. A Mitscherlich three-parameter model was used to explain the relationship between the total loss of production attributable to buffalo flies and the average number of flies associated with cattle. This model was significant (P<0.01), with R2 = 20.2% and predicted a threshold number of flies (n = 30) below which no adverse effects would be noted. At a moderate level of infestation (n = 200) dMYD was 2.6 ml/fly/day and dLWG was 0.14 g/fly/day, resulting in estimated daily losses in milk yield (D(MYD)) and live-weight gain (D(LWG)) of 520 ml and 28 g, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the effects of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on the milk production of dairy cattle based on a meta‐analysis of literature data

Jonsson¹,

Mayer

1999

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…Calculations show that blood loss from tabanids alone can reach 200-500 cc per cow per day in the United States 39 . For example, in Pennsylvania, mean weight gain per cow was 37.2 lbs lower over an 8-week period in the absence of insecticide that prevented horn fly (Siphona), stable fly (Stomoxys) and horse fly (Tabanus) attack 40 , and in New Jersey, milk production increased by 35.5 lbs over a 5-week period with insecticide 41 . Milk loss to stable flies was calculated at 139 kg per cow per annum in the United States 42 .…”

Section: Equus Hemionus Kulan E Q U U S H E M Io N U S Le U Te U S E mentioning

confidence: 99%

The function of zebra stripes

et al. 2014

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Despite over a century of interest, the function of zebra stripes has never been examined systematically. Here we match variation in striping of equid species and subspecies to geographic range overlap of environmental variables in multifactor models controlling for phylogeny to simultaneously test the five major explanations for this infamous colouration. For subspecies, there are significant associations between our proxy for tabanid biting fly annoyance and most striping measures (facial and neck stripe number, flank and rump striping, leg stripe intensity and shadow striping), and between belly stripe number and tsetse fly distribution, several of which are replicated at the species level. Conversely, there is no consistent support for camouflage, predator avoidance, heat management or social interaction hypotheses. Susceptibility to ectoparasite attack is discussed in relation to short coat hair, disease transmission and blood loss. A solution to the riddle of zebra stripes, discussed by Wallace and Darwin, is at hand.

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“…Seasonal activity and intensity of stable flies commonly peak during the spring and early summer [6, 19]. Fly abundance depends on the amount of rain in early spring and the ambient temperature throughout spring and summer[20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors affecting dairy cattle protective grouping behavior, commonly known as bunching, against Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) on California dairies

et al. 2019

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Bunching is the term used to describe the protective aggregating behavior of cattle against the painful bites of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), where cattle gather in a group with their heads to the center of the group and their tails to the outside to reduce stable fly attack. Both sexes of the stable fly feed on blood, and their painful bites negatively impact cattle health, productivity and welfare. A longitudinal study was conducted from April to July 2017 to estimate the stable fly activity on 20 California dairies (average herd size = 2466 ± 1050), to determine stable fly activity that induced bunching, and to evaluate the association between management and environmental factors, and cattle bunching. Stable fly activity was recorded weekly using trap counts and leg counts. Data was analyzed using linear mixed models with odds ratio. Cattle bunching at the dairy level was predicted by mean trap counts of ≥150 flies/trap/week, while bunching at the pen level was predicted by mean leg counts >1 fly/leg/cow or mean trap counts >50 flies/trap/week for traps closest to the pen. Additional risk factors predicting cattle bunching at the dairy level were study week (May/June vs July), presence of crops adjacent to dairy >2 sides, and feeding wet distillers grain. Additional risk factors predicting cattle bunching at the pen level were study week (May/June vs July), ambient temperature ≤30°C, pen design (freestall vs open dry lot or bedded pack), production status (lactating/dry vs close-up), presence of crops surrounding cattle pens, feeding rations containing molasses. Cattle bunching was reduced at the pen level by relative humidity >50%, and when the cattle pen was surrounded by other cattle pens or was bordered by a main road. At the dairy level, removal of manure along fence lines of cattle pens was protective against cattle bunching.

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The Effect of Biting Fly Control on Milk Production12

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Estimation of the effects of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on the milk production of dairy cattle based on a meta‐analysis of literature data

Estimation of the effects of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on the milk production of dairy cattle based on a meta‐analysis of literature data

The function of zebra stripes

Risk factors affecting dairy cattle protective grouping behavior, commonly known as bunching, against Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) on California dairies

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