The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland

Kleemola, Päivi; Puska, Pekka; Vartiainen, Erkki; Roos, Eva; Luoto, Riitta; Ehnholm, Christian

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600849

Cited by 36 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This ®nding is in line with the results of several intervention (Kleemola et al, 1999) and observational (Stanton & Keast, 1989;Resnicow, 1991) studies in children and adults and may be explained by the negative correlation between breakfast cereal consumption and the percentage of energy from total and saturated fat. In our study the correlations between cereal intake and energyadjusted total and saturated fat intake were À0.281, P`0.001 and À0.186, P`0.001, respectively in boys, and À0.237, P`0.001 and À0.148, P 0.003 in girls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Cowin

Emmett

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: The initial stages of atherosclerosis have been shown to occur in children as young as 3. Elevated total and LDL cholesterol concentrations and low HDL concentrations are a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the dietary determinants of blood lipid concentrations at 31 months of age. Subjects: A randomly selected group of children (214 boys, 175 girls) in south-west England forming part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC) cohort. Design: Three-day dietary records were obtained at 18 months. At 31 months a non-fasting blood sample was taken and analysed for total and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride, and measures of height and weight were taken. Results: Among boys, total cholesterol concentrations were positively associated with the intake of total fat (r 0.209, P 0.002) and saturated fatty acids (r 0.211, P 0.002). Among girls, HDLC was positively associated with energy intake (r 0.204, P 0.018), and negatively associated with intakes of polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat and sugar in multivariate analysis. There were no associations between the intakes of non-starch polysaccharides (®bre) or dietary cholesterol and total or HDL cholesterol concentrations in either sex. Among boys, higher intakes of breakfast cereals were associated with lower total cholesterol (r À0.187, P 0.008). Among girls, higher intakes of biscuits and meat and meat products were associated with higher HDLC concentrations. Conclusions: These data suggest that the dietary determinants of blood lipid concentrations differ between boys and girls. Reducing saturated fat intake in boys would be likely to lead to an improvement in blood lipid pro®les. In this study there is no evidence to suggest that an increase in the intake of polyunsaturated fat by pre-school children would result in improved blood lipid pro®les.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Cowin

Emmett

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Intervention studies involving the daily consumption of breakfast cereals have reported a 5-6% (unit percentage) decrease in food energy from fat with a corresponding 5-6% increase in energy from carbohydrate among college students 28 and Finnish adults 27 , and a 2.5% reduction in energy from saturated fat 27 . The lower fat intake associated with breakfast cereal consumption may explain the association of breakfast cereal consumption with reduced serum cholesterol levels in adults 27 . Previous analysis of the North/South Ireland Food Consumption data 65 showed that a high proportion (77%) of this adult population had mean daily intake below the recommended intake of 18 g of NSP 63 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breakfast cereals are widely consumed, particularly in Ireland 16 , and a number of studies have shown an association between breakfast cereal consumption and replacement of food energy from fat with food energy from carbohydrate in adults 12,14,15,17 , adolescents and children 7,10,18,20,24,25 . Intervention studies in which breakfast cereals were introduced to the diet of adults led to a reduced intake of fat and an increased intake of carbohydrate 27,28 . The consumption of breakfast cereals has also been shown to be associated with lower serum cholesterol levels in adults 29 and children 25,30 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEBC) consumption on adequacy of micronutrient intakes and compliance with dietary recommendations in Irish adults

Galvin

Kiely

Flynn

2003

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To describe the consumption of ready-to-eat-breakfast cereals (RTEBCs) in Irish adults and its impact on adequacy and safety of micronutrient intakes and compliance with dietary recommendations. Design: Analysis for this paper used data from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey that estimated habitual food intake using a 7-day food diary in a representative sample of adults aged 18-64 years (n ¼ 1379; 662 men, 717 women). Results: Despite the small quantity consumed (mean 28.6 g day 21 or 4.7% of total energy intake), RTEBCs made an important contribution to the mean daily intake of carbohydrate (8.1%), starch (10.8%), dietary fibre (9.8%) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (10.8%) in consumers. Increased consumption was associated with a more fibre-dense diet and with greater compliance with dietary recommendations for fat, carbohydrate and NSP. Fortified RTEBCs contributed significantly to mean daily intakes of iron (18%), thiamin (14%), riboflavin (17%), niacin (15%), vitamin B 6 (13%), total folate (18%) and vitamin D (10%) and most of the contribution was from micronutrients added to RTEBCs. Increased consumption of fortified RTEBCs was associated with an increased nutrient density for a number of micronutrients and with a lower prevalence of dietary inadequacy of calcium, iron, riboflavin and folate, particularly in women. However, it was not associated with intakes in excess of the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for any micronutrient. Conclusions: The consumption of RTEBCs is associated with improved compliance with dietary recommendations for fat, carbohydrate and fibre, with a more micronutrient-dense diet and a reduced risk of dietary inadequacy for calcium, iron, riboflavin and folate, without increasing the risk of excessive intakes of micronutrients.

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“…Intensive research has been concentrated on the quality of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) breakfasts and their impact on overall energy and nutrient intakes. These studies emphasise the low fat content and the high nutrient contents of RTEC breakfasts (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) . Other types of breakfast, e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakfast trends in children and adolescents: frequency and quality

Alexy

Wicher

Kersting

2010

Public Health Nutr.

103

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Objective: Although breakfast is important for obesity prevention and dietary quality, breakfast skipping is a common behaviour. Knowledge of changes in breakfast habits may provide potential behaviour targets for intervention programmes. The present study describes the actual data on trends in breakfast habits and composition. Design: A total of 7800 3 d dietary records of 1081 participants aged 2-18 years collected between 1986 and 2007 in the DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) Study were analysed using mixed linear models. Results: Breakfast was eaten at 78 % of all record days; regular breakfast (breakfast was eaten on all three recorded weekdays) was eaten in 75 % of records. During the study period, the number of records with regular breakfast decreased significantly in 6-12-and 13-18-year-olds (P 5 0?0084 and 0?0350, respectively). Of all breakfast meals, 62 % were bread meals and 21 % were ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) meals. RTEC meals nearly doubled from the youngest to the oldest age group (P , 0?0001). During the study period, the percentage of bread meals decreased, whereas the percentage of RTEC meals increased (P , 0?0001). A higher percentage of RTEC meals than the bread meals was in accordance with the food-based guidelines (36 % v. 20 %, P , 0?0001), i.e. a breakfast including grain, dairy and fruit/vegetables. Conclusions: In the DONALD Study sample, a negative age and time trend in breakfast consumption was verified. Interventions regarding breakfast habits should be aimed at adolescents and should focus on fruit/vegetables.

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The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland

Cited by 36 publications

References 14 publications

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Impact of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEBC) consumption on adequacy of micronutrient intakes and compliance with dietary recommendations in Irish adults

Breakfast trends in children and adolescents: frequency and quality

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