The Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Blood Lead Levels in Nigerian Children

Keating, Elizabeth M.; Fischer, Philip R.; Pettifor, John M.; Pfitzner, Mark A; Isichei, Christian O.; Thacher, Tom D.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.04.038

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…After screening the reference lists of the six remaining papers, two additional papers were identified (Pfitzner et al 2000;Tuakuila et al 2010) and one more was identified through Google Scholar (R€ ollin et al 2009). The end result provided the basis for this systematic review of nine relevant papers (Pfitzner et al 2000;Wright et al 2005;Olewe et al 2009;R€ ollin et al 2009;Naicker et al 2010;Tuakuila et al 2010Tuakuila et al , 2013Keating et al 2011;Dooyema et al 2012). Most studies had a cross-sectional design (N = 7) (Pfitzner et al 2000;Wright et al 2005;Olewe et al 2009;R€ ollin et al 2009;Tuakuila et al 2010Tuakuila et al , 2013Dooyema et al 2012), and four were conducted in Nigeria (Pfitzner et al 2000;Wright et al 2005;Keating et al 2011;Dooyema et al 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead concentrations in sub‐Saharan African children below 6 years: systematic review

Ngueta

Ndjaboué

2013

Tropical Med Int Health

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Abstractobjective To assess the geometric mean of blood lead levels in children aged below 6 years living in sub-Saharan Africa.methods Search strategies were developed in MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google scholar system, supplemented by screening of references from included papers and review articles. Studies including children younger than 6 years residing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) were eligible. The studies were assessed for quality of methods for blood collection, for participants' recruitment and for quality control for lead analyses. Data were extracted and synthetised by estimating the mean weighted by sample size.results A total of 11 148 published papers were identified with only 16 studies conducted in SSA.Only nine of them were relevant of inclusion criteria. The weighted mean of blood lead levels was 13.1 lg/dl. Five of included studies were classified as being less likely to present selection bias, having performed venipuncture and adequate quality control for lead analyses. The weighted mean from analyses involving only these studies was 16.2 lg/dl. Six of the included studies reported the prevalence of blood lead levels ≥10 lg/dl; levels ranged from 7.0% to 70.9%. Only one study reported the prevalence of blood lead levels ≥5 lg/dl (50%).conclusions The geometric mean of blood lead levels in sub-Saharan African children is still elevated relative to the US children. The new standard from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5 lg/dl) implies that important efforts should be directed towards the initiation (or reinforcement) of prevention programmes and thorough research studies in sub-Saharan Africa.keywords blood lead levels, children, sub-Saharan Africa

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead concentrations in sub‐Saharan African children below 6 years: systematic review

Ngueta

Ndjaboué

2013

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…Another survey of three communities in Nigeria showed that 45% of children had blood lead levels .10 mg/dl. 4 It has been established that childhood lead poisoning is directly associated with handto-mouth-related activities. 5,19,20 A study in Enugu reported mean (SD) lead levels in paint flakes from residential buildings to be in the range of 39.4 (1.1) to 69.8 (4.9) mg/dl with the highest levels being found in housing mainly for the under-privileged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of children's elevated blood lead levels (.10 mg/dl) ranged from 34% to 70% in different geographical locations in Nigeria. [3][4][5] In 2010, massive lead poisoning was reported in some villages in the north-central state of Zamfara which claimed the lives of about 355 children, 6 particularly in the town of Bagega where an estimated 1500 children were exposed to lead poisoning. 7 Well water in Enugu was found to be contaminated with lead.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead levels in children attending a tertiary teaching hospital in Enugu, south-eastern Nigeria

Ugwuja¹,

Ogbu²,

Umeaku³

et al. 2014

Paediatrics and International Child Health

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“…This is similar to findings in a series of studies in central Nigeria several years ago which showed that about one-third of children had lead levels .10 mg/dl and linking high lead levels to several factors including the use of lead-based eye cosmetics, proximity to informal recycling of vehicle batteries, and young age. [4][5][6] A study in Egypt found lead toxicity to be common, with 26% of children (combining rural and urban children) having a blood lead level of .10 mg/ dl. 7 Extremely high lead levels are linked to seizures and death, as seen in some of the mining-related affected children in north-west Nigeria.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In young children, this can result from hand-to-mouth contamination when hands touch topically applied facial cosmetics 11 or contaminated soil. [4][5][6] In older children who tend to put their hands in their mouths less frequently, high lead levels suggest the possibility of contamination of food (such as plants that have absorbed lead in the soil) or beverages (perhaps from lead-containing pipes); nonetheless, others in Nigeria suggest that it is likely that older children too are exposed to lead from soil-contaminated hands. 12 Informal lead acid battery recycling was also identified as the source of lead toxicity in a group of children who died in Dakar, Senegal.…”

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confidence: 99%