The Effect of Calfhood Diseases on Growth of Female Dairy Calves During the First 3 Months of Life in New York State

Virtala, Anna‐Maija; Mechor, G.D.; Gröhn, Yrjö T.; Erb, Hollis N.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76457-3

Cited by 150 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Even on the best performing farm a third of their pre-weaned calves grew at <0.7 kg/day, and the bottom 5% grew at <0.16 kg/day. Such variability has consistently been reported in previous studies (Virtala et al, 1996;Brickell et al, 2009b;Bach et al, 2013). It suggests uneven rates of milk intake even though all animals on the same farm were, in theory, on the same feeding regime.…”

supporting

confidence: 65%

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Johnson

Chancellor

Burn

et al. 2018

Animal

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Growth rates in pre-weaned calves influence their health, age at first calving and lifetime productivity. Many farms restrict milk rations to encourage solid feed intake and facilitate early weaning, but this can compromise growth. This study determined the milk feeding policies and associated growth rates on 11 commercial dairy farms in South East England, each following their normal management regime. Between 26 and 54 heifers were recruited per farm, providing a final cohort of 492, of which 71% were pure Holstein. Information on calf rearing practices (feeding, weaning, housing) and health was collected via questionnaires and weekly observations. Estimates of actual milk fed (kg solids) between 1 and 63 days were calculated for individual calves. Morphometric data (weight, height, length) were taken at weeks 1, 5 and 9 and at a median age of 7.5 months and growth rates were calculated. Most calves were fed milk replacer via automated feeders (four farms), teat feeder (one) or buckets (four) whereas two farms provided drums of acidified waste milk. Farms fed between 4 and 6 l/day of milk at mixing rates of 10% to 15%, providing 400 to 900 g/day of milk solids. Both skeletal growth rates and average daily weight gain (ADG) increased in the second month of life compared with the first: height growth from 0.17 ± 0.14 to 0.25 ± 0.16 cm/day and ADG from 0.48 ± 0.25 to 0.71 ± 0.28 kg/day. Post-weaning heifers up to 7.5 months had height increases of 0.16 ± 0.035 cm/day and ADG of 0.83 ± 0.16 kg/day. From 1 to 63 days 70% of calves had growth rates <0.7 kg/day and of these 19.6% gained <0.5 kg/day. Mean ADG before 9 weeks varied between farms from 0.52 ± 0.30 to 0.75 ± 0.20 kg/day. This was related to the amount of milk fed at both a farm and individual calf level. Increasing the total milk solids fed between 1 and 63 days from 20.4 to 46.3 kg (the 10 th to 90 th percentile observed) was associated with an increase of 0.11 kg/day ADG. All farms had a wide variation in growth rates despite single feeding policies. Higher circulating immunoglobulin G and IGF1 concentrations were associated with better growth, whereas low temperatures in month of birth, high scores for diarrhoea, respiratory and umbilical disease and large birth size reduced growth. Many commercially grown dairy heifers therefore experienced growth restriction in the pre-weaned period, potentially reducing their health, welfare and productivity.

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supporting

confidence: 65%

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Johnson

Chancellor

Burn

et al. 2018

Animal

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“…Pela Tabela 4 pode-se observar que os ganhos em peso dos bezerros alimentados com sucedâneo foram inferiores aos do grupo-controle, exceto para o primeiro período, quando ocorreram alguns casos de diarreia nos bezerros alimentados com leite afetando os desempenhos individuais, conforme previamente demonstrado por Virtala et al (1996), proporcionando elevado coeficiente de variação para essa característica.…”

Section: Msunclassified

“…Os ganhos em peso sofrem variação conforme a idade, sendo normalmente inferiores antes da desmama (Quigley III et al, 1991). Algumas patologias podem interferir no desenvolvimento de bezerros (Virtala et al, 1996), havendo estreita relação entre o desenvolvimento fisiológico do trato digestivo e o peso à desmama (Plaza & Fernandez, 1999). Entretanto, a nutrição é a principal responsável pelo desempenho animal.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Desempenho de bezerros alimentados usando de sucedâneo até 56 dias de idade

et al. 2011

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Performance of calves fed milk replacer until 56 days of ageThirty male Holstein calves were designed to two groups, kept in pasture since they were five days, and they were fed with commercial pelleted starter concentrate, and whole milk (control group) or milk replacer made with soy protein, wheat milk and whey (treatment group), in one hour a day, until 56 days. The calves had access ad libitum to water and mineral salt. Everyone was weighted weekly, and measured. The stature development didn't differ between treatments, but the weight gains were minor for the calves fed with milk replacer, what reflected on their body scores. The body weight gain was affected by the consume of concentrate, and by the dry matter of the liquid diet, because of the decantation of this product occurred during the supply.

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“…Mean initial and final BW were 42.7 (SE = 0.4) and 51.9 (SE = 0.7) kg, respectively. Rates of BW gain of calves during the initial 28 d of life are often limited to <500 g/d by feeding management, pathogen exposure, and environmental factors (29). Consequently, use of antibiotics and other feed additives to reduce the effects of pathogen exposure have been incorporated into CMR formulations (20,24).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most calves (69.1%) had serum IgG <10 g/L and 10 calves had no measurable IgG by turbidimetric immunoassay. A lack of passive immunity has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality (9,31) and impaired efficiency of BW gain during the growing period (29,31). Calf morbidity and mortality was indicative of the serum IgG concentrations and number of calves with failure of passive transfer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hydrolyzed Spray Dried Red Blood Cells in Milk Replacer on Calf Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Efficiency

Quigley¹,

Jaynes²,

Miller³

et al. 2000

Journal of Dairy Science

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An alternative protein ingredient based on spraydried, hydrolyzed red blood cells was evaluated in calf milk replacers. Two experiments were conduced to determine the value of the ingredient on intake, growth, and feed efficiency in dairy calves. In experiment 1, Holstein bull calves (n = 120) were fed calf milk replacer containing 0, 11, 22, or 43% of crude protein as spray dried hydrolyzed red blood cells. Calves were fed 454 g/d of experimental milk replacer reconstituted to 12% dry matter plus a conventional calf starter for 28 d. Body weight gain, intake of milk replacer and calf starter, feed efficiency, fecal scores, and days scouring were unaffected by source of protein. In experiment 2, Holstein calves (n = 69) at the University of Minnesota, Crookston and Waseca were fed milk replacer containing 0, 22, or 43% of crude protein as spray dried hydrolyzed red blood cells. Calves were fed 454 g/d of experimental milk replacer reconstituted to 12% dry matter plus a conventional calf starter containing 0 or 25% alfalfa meal for 35 d. No calves died during the study. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, intake of calf starter and milk replacer, fecal scores, and days scouring were unaffected by increasing hydrolyzed red blood cells in milk replacer. Similar performance of all calves indicated that spray dried hydrolyzed red blood cells can replace up to 43% of crude protein from whey protein concentrate without detrimental effects on animal performance. 788Abbreviation key: CMR = calf milk replacer, CON = CMR containing no SDHRBC, CS = calf starter, HIGH = CMR containing SDHRBC at 43% of CP, LOW = CMR containing SDHRBC at 11% of CP, MED = CMR containing SDHRBC at 22% of CP, SDHRBC = spray-dried hydrolyzed red blood cells, SDRBC = spray-dried red blood cells.

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The Effect of Calfhood Diseases on Growth of Female Dairy Calves During the First 3 Months of Life in New York State

Cited by 150 publications

References 5 publications

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Desempenho de bezerros alimentados usando de sucedâneo até 56 dias de idade

Effects of Hydrolyzed Spray Dried Red Blood Cells in Milk Replacer on Calf Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Efficiency

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