The effect of cannabis dry flower irradiation on the level of cannabinoids, terpenes and anti-cancer properties of the extracts

Kovalchuk, Olga; Li, DongPing; Rodriguez-Juarez, Rocio; Golubov, Andrey; Hudson, D. E.; Kovalchuk, Igor

doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101736

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Irradiation treatment for the decontamination of cannabis is very common. More than 80% of licensed growers of cannabis in Canada are using irradiation treatment [ 110 ]. Medical cannabis treated with a ≥10 kGy irradiation dose from Cobalt-60 as radiation source resulted in a significant decontamination of the cannabis without largely affecting the phytocannabinoids [ 111 ].…”

Section: Postharvest Operations Involved In Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Irradiation pre-treatments resulted in a higher drying rate for potato and apple [ 112 ], carrot, potato and beetroot [ 113 ], and tofu protein [ 114 ]. A few researchers have performed irradiation as a pre-treatment for cannabis [ 110 , 111 , 115 ]. The level of irradiation, optimization, and its effect on phytocannabinoids are yet to be investigated.…”

Section: Postharvest Operations Involved In Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Work has been conducted on four different cultivars of Cannabis sativa sp. indica to determine the effect of irradiation on THC levels and it was reported that THC significantly increased due to irradiation treatment [ 110 ]. Storage analysis revealed that the higher the storage temperature, the higher was the degradation of phytocannabinoids and it was suggested that a 4 °C temperature could be the optimum for storage of cannabis along with olive oil [ 136 , 137 ].…”

Section: Effect Of Postharvest Processing On Phytoconstituents Of Can...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review

et al. 2022

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In recent years, cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has been legalized by many countries for production, processing, and use considering its tremendous medical and industrial applications. Cannabis contains more than a hundred biomolecules (cannabinoids) which have the potentiality to cure different chronic diseases. After harvesting, cannabis undergoes different postharvest operations including drying, curing, storage, etc. Presently, the cannabis industry relies on different traditional postharvest operations, which may result in an inconsistent quality of products. In this review, we aimed to describe the biosynthesis process of major cannabinoids, postharvest operations used by the cannabis industry, and the consequences of postharvest operations on the cannabinoid profile. As drying is the most important post-harvest operation of cannabis, the attributes associated with drying (water activity, equilibrium moisture content, sorption isotherms, etc.) and the significance of novel pre-treatments (microwave heating, cold plasma, ultrasound, pulse electric, irradiation, etc.) for improvement of the process are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, other operations, such as trimming, curing, packaging and storage, are discussed, and the effect of the different postharvest operations on the cannabinoid yield is summarized. A critical investigation of the factors involved in each postharvest operation is indeed key for obtaining quality products and for the sustainable development of the cannabis industry.

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Section: Postharvest Operations Involved In Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Postharvest Operations Involved In Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Postharvest Processing On Phytoconstituents Of Can...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…The phytocannabinoid content of Cannabis is primarily determined by genetic factors that are inheritable and differentially expressed dependent on variety, tissue type, position of tissue, and the growth stage (Chandra et al 2013 ; Kovalchuk et al 2020 ; Namdar et al 2018 ). In addition, environmental conditions are the other major factors that contribute to the production and accumulation of cannabinoids (Gorelick and Bernstein 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of short-term environmental stresses on the onset of cannabinoid production in young immature flowers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

et al. 2022

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Backgrounds Cannabis sativa L. produces at least 120 cannabinoids. Although genetic variation is the main factor in cannabinoid production, the effects of short-term environmental stresses in the early flowering stage remains largely unknown. Methods To investigate the effects of short-term environmental stresses on the onset of cannabinoid production in young immature flowers, a hemp variety, Green-Thunder (5–8% CBD/mg of dry weight), was treated with mechanical damage, insect herbivory, extreme heat, or drought stress for 5–7 days during the first 2 weeks of flowering. Three hemp tissues, including flowers, leaves, and stems, were collected from hemp grown under these stress conditions at multiple time points during the first 2 weeks after transition to the short photoperiod and analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography to quantify phytocannabinoids including cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabinol (CBN). Results The 5 days of mechanical wounding did not affect the production of any of the cannabinoids during the initial stage of flowering. However, after 5 days of herbivore treatment, there was a significant difference in concentration between day 1 and day 6 of CBGA (control: 308 μg/g; treatment – 24 μg/g), CBG (control: 69 μg/g; treatment: 52 μg/g), and CBD (control: 755 μg/g; treatment: 194 μg/g) between the control and treatment plants. The 7 days of heat treatment at 45–50 oC significantly reduced the production of CBGA during this observed window (control: 206 μg/g; treatment: 182 μg/g) and CBG (control: 21 μg/g; treatment: − 112 μg/g). Notably, the largest change was observed after 7 days of drought stress, when plants showed a 40% greater accumulation of CBG (control: 336 μg/g; treatment: 622 μg/g), and a significant decrease (70–80%) in CBD (control: 1182 μg/g; treatment: 297 μg/g) and THC amounts (control: 3927 μg/g; treatment: 580 μg/g). Conclusions Although this observation is limited in the early flowering stage, the common field stresses are adequate to induce changes in the cannabinoid profiles, particularly drought stress being the most impactful stress for hemp flower initiation with the altering the cannabinoid production by decreasing CBD and THC accumulation while increasing CBG by 40%.

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“…Variation in ratings is inherent in sensory evaluation. Some can be attributed to the sensory response of judges (e.g., differences in olfactory discrimination and use of descriptors), and some to non-genetic variation in the physical samples resulting from, for example, differences in terpene and cannabinoid content due to harvest date ( Pacifico et al, 2008 ; Potter, 2014 ; Aizpurua-Olaizola et al, 2016 ; Richins et al, 2018 ; Booth et al, 2020 ), growth conditions ( Potter, 2014 ; Jin et al, 2019 ), and post-harvest processing ( Jin et al, 2019 ; Kovalchuk et al, 2019 ). In the current work, the genetic outlier samples displayed strikingly atypical aroma profiles when compared to the genetic consensus samples suggesting that variation in neutral genetic markers may be associated with differences in the composition, production, or release of odorous volatiles from dried Cannabis flower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human olfactory discrimination of genetic variation within Cannabis strains

Schwabe

Naibauer²,

McGlaughlin³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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Cannabis sativa L. is grown and marketed under a large number of named strains. Strains are often associated with phenotypic traits of interest to consumers, such as aroma and cannabinoid content. Yet genetic inconsistencies have been noted within named strains. We asked whether genetically inconsistent samples of a commercial strain also display inconsistent aroma profiles. We genotyped 32 samples using variable microsatellite regions to determine a consensus strain genotype and identify genetic outliers (if any) for four strains. Results were used to select 15 samples for olfactory testing. A genetic outlier sample was available for all but one strain. Aroma profiles were obtained by 55 sniff panelists using quantitative sensory evaluation of 40 odor descriptors. Within a strain, aroma descriptor frequencies for the genetic outlier were frequently at odds with those of the consensus samples. It appears that within-strain genetic differences are associated with differences in aroma profile. Because these differences were perceptible to untrained panelists, they may also be noticed by retail consumers. Our results could help the cannabis industry achieve better control of product consistency.

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The effect of cannabis dry flower irradiation on the level of cannabinoids, terpenes and anti-cancer properties of the extracts

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review

Postharvest Operations of Cannabis and Their Effect on Cannabinoid Content: A Review

Effects of short-term environmental stresses on the onset of cannabinoid production in young immature flowers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Human olfactory discrimination of genetic variation within Cannabis strains

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