The Effect of Cardiac Pacing at High Rates on Plasma Enzyme Levels in the Anesthetized Dog

Bolter, Christopher P.; Critz, Jerry B.

doi:10.1139/y71-116

Cited by 2 publications

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“…From this general formulation, whose limitations have been discussed above, it is questionable whether enzymes in heart and muscle reach the intravascular space directly, äs proposed by several authors (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Lymph Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review

1983

CCLM

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Lymph is the minute net volume of contending hydrostatic and osmotic capillary forces. It is built up extravasculary in tissues and reaches the intravasal space by definite lymph collecting vessels, which enter the venous System at the angulus venosus at the root of the neck. Sampling methods for lymph from individual tissues or from lymph collecting vessels of man and various animals afe cited and the preparation of lymph for enzymatic analysis is described. The extracellular distribution and transport of enzymes is important for diagnostic enzymology, because enzymes released from cells in continuous physiological processes, or after injury to the tissue, reach the intravasal space mainly via the lymphatics. This is evident from the high lymph-plasma ratios of diagnostically important enzymes. The type of enzyme transport (lymphatic or by direct interstitialvenous entry) depends on the heterogeneity of the capillary barrier characteristic of the different organs. The permeability is extremely high in liver, i.e. enzymes in hepatic lymph originale mainly from blood, which they have reached through the large openings in the sinusoidal endothelial lining; in contrast the permeability is extremely low in skeletal muscle, where lymphatic transport therefore predominates. The phenömenon of increased enzyme activities in plasma after physical exertion is explained by alterations of lymph flow. A table gives a survey of enzyme activities, lymph-plasma quotients, and lymph flow from lymph vessels of various tissues äs well äs from the lymph collecting vessels of man and animals, with comments on the significance for diagnostic enzymology. Enzyme in der Lymphe: Eine ÜbersichtZusammenfassung: Lymphe ist das in Geweben extravasal im Widerstreit hydrostatischer und osmotischer kapillarer Kräfte gebildete Flüssigkeitsvolumen und wird über definierte Lymphsammelgefäße dem Intravasalsystem im Venenwinkel am Hals mündend, wieder zugeführt. Techniken der Gewinnung von Lymphe als definierte^Organlymphe oder aus Lymphsammelgefäßen bei Mensch und Tier werden zitiert und ihre Aufbereitung für die enzymatische Analyse beischrieben. Die Bedeutung der Transport-und Verteilungsfunktion von Enzymen über die Lymphe für die diagnostische Enzymologie erklärt sich daraus, daß Enzyme, die kontinuierlich als physiologischer Prozeß oder nach Schädigung des Gewebes aus Zellen austreten, den Intravasalraum vorwiegend über die Lymphe erreichen, was sich in hohen Lymph-Plasma Aktivitätsverhältnissen von diagnostisch verwertbaren Enzymen ausdrückt. Die Art des Enzymtransports -direkt interstitiell-venös oder lymphatisch -hängt von dem verschiedenartigen kapillaren Bamereverhalten in den unterschiedlichen Organen ab. Die Permeabilität ist extrem hoch in der Leber, d.h. Enzyme in der Leberlymphe stammen überwiegend aus dem Blut, das sie über direkten sinusoidalen Zugang erreicht haben; und die Permeabilität ist extrem niedrig in der Skelettmuskulatur, d.h. hier dominiert der lymphatische Transport. Die nach körperlicher Belastung im Plasma zu beobacht...

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Section: Lymph Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lymphatic pathway, however, is called in question by Bolter & Critz (39,40) and Szabo et al (36,37,38). Indications were found that the Interruption of blood flow to skeletal muscle for one hour did not result in an enzyme release from muscle cells.…”

Section: Significance Of Extracellular Distribution and Transport Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review

1983

CCLM

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Myocardial Balance of Inorganic Phosphate and Enzymes in Man

1974

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The effects of atrial pacing on the cardiac balance of inorganic phosphate (P i ) were studied during control, atrial pacing, and recovery periods in 29 patients. Group A (n = 18) who had roentgenographically demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) developed angina during pacing, and showed mean myocardial lactate (L) production, abnormal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and ST segment depression. Group NA (n = 11), composed of six patients with CAD and five subjects with no demonstrable cardiac disease, had normal lactate metabolism, LVEDP, and ST segments during pacing. In addition, blood levels of two enzymes were determined: creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in nine patients of Group A and six patients of Group NA, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in eight patients of each group. During control, small uptake of P i was observed in both groups. During pacing, Group A showed first a fall and then abolition of mean P i uptake, and during the early recovery period, a small loss of this ion was observed. Although there was a good correlation between L and P i uptakes ( r = 0.86, P < 0.001) throughout the study, P i loss, which occurred in 55% of patients in Group A, appeared to be a less reliable index of myocardial anaerobiosis than L production, which occurred in 72%. No consistent changes in P i balance were observed in Group NA. The only significant enzymatic change was the small but sudden and significant rise of mean CPK levels in coronary sinus (CS) blood above the arterial levels in five patients of Group A during the first 6 min of pacing. These data show that during pacing-induced angina the human heart loses P i . In addition, these preliminary observations on the CS CPK levels during pacing in the angina patients suggest that the stress of tachycardia and ischemia may facilitate the escape of this enzyme from the heart.

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The Effect of Cardiac Pacing at High Rates on Plasma Enzyme Levels in the Anesthetized Dog

Cited by 2 publications

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Myocardial Balance of Inorganic Phosphate and Enzymes in Man

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