The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity on Cancer Mortality in Women and Men

Evenson, Kelly R.; Stevens, June; Cai, Jianwen; Thomas, Ratna P.; Thomas, Olivia

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000053511.02356.72

Cited by 78 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The association found between high CRF and cancer mortality, corresponds well with what reported in previous studies 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34. In a recently published meta‐analysis, based on 71,651 individuals and 2002 cancer deaths, they demonstrate an evident dose–response relationship between CRF and cancer mortality 32.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…CRF assessment, however, is highly resource‐intensive and therefore rarely used in cancer epidemiological research. To our knowledge, few studies have evaluated associations between CRF and cancer risk 21, 22, 23, 24 and case fatality 22, whereas several studies have investigated the association between CRF and cancer mortality in men 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self‐reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long‐term prospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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Physical activity is inversely associated with risk of some cancers. The relation with cancer‐specific death remains uncertain. Mainly, studies on relationships between physical activity and cancer are based on self‐reported physical activity (SPA). Hereby, we examined whether measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with cancer risk, mortality, and case fatality. We also describe relationships between SPA and these outcomes, and between CRF and SPA. A cohort of 1997 healthy Norwegian men, aged 40–59 years at inclusion in 1972–75, was followed throughout 2012. At baseline, CRF was objectively measured. SPA (leisure time and occupational) was obtained through a questionnaire. Relationships between CRF or SPA, and the outcomes were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking. Pearson correlation coefficients evaluated agreements between CRF and SPA. During follow‐up, 758 men were diagnosed with cancer and 433 cancer deaths occurred. Analyses revealed lower cancer risk (Hazard ratio [HR] 0.85, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.68–1.00), mortality (HR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.88), and case fatality (HR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57–0.96), in men with high CRF compared to low CRF. Light leisure time SPA was associated with lower cancer risk (HR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.56–0.86) and mortality (HR 0.64 95% CI: 0.49–0.83), whereas strenuous occupational SPA was associated with higher risks (HR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.13–1.78 and HR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.09–1.93). Correlations between CRF and SPA were 0.351 (P < 0.001) and −0.106 (P < 0.001) for leisure time and occupational SPA, respectively. A high midlife CRF may be beneficial for cancer risk, cancer mortality, and case fatality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self‐reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long‐term prospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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“…This includes the practice of physical activity, as it presents fewer risks compared with immunotherapeutic procedures (e.g., gene therapy, cytokine therapy, monoclonal antibody therapy) and is associated with increased longevity and a lower risk of chronic diseases and infections (Lynch et al 1996;Evenson et al 2003;Barlow et al 2006;Kostka et al 2008). Although the impact of exercise on the immune system is an area of extensive research, most studies have focused on the responses to acute exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate and intense exercise lifestyles attenuate the effects of aging on telomere length and the survival and composition of T cell subpopulations

Silva

Araújo

Fernandes

et al. 2016

AGE

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Studies indicate that exercise might delay human biological aging, but the effects of long-term exercise on T cell function are not well known. We tested the hypothesis that moderate or intense exercise lifestyle may attenuate the effects of aging on the telomere length and the survival and composition of T cell subpopulations. Elderly (65-85 years) with intense training lifestyle (IT, n = 15), moderate training lifestyle (MT, n = 16), and who never trained (NT, n = 15) were studied. Although the three groups presented the ageassociated contraction of the TCD4 + /TCD8 + naïve compartments and expansion of the memory compartments, both training modalities were associated with lower proportion of terminally differentiated (CD45RA + CCR7 neg ) TCD4 + and TCD8 + cells, although among the latter cells, the reduction reached statistical significance only with IT. MT was associated with higher proportion of central memory TCD4 + cells, while IT was associated with higher proportion of effector memory TCD8 + cells. However, both training lifestyles were unable to modify the proportion of senescent (CD28 neg ) TCD8 + cells. Telomeres were longer in T cells in both training groups; with IT, telomere length increased mainly in TCD8 + cells, whereas with MT, a modest increase in telomere length was observed in both TCD8 + and TCD4 + cells. Reduced commitment to apoptosis of resting T cells, as assessed by caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression, was seen predominantly with IT.

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“…1 The evidence linking poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with high mortality and morbidity is strong. 2,3 Cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and colon cancer are examples of diseases with a significant relation to CRF. The positive association between CRF and health is independent of body fatness or obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objectives of the present study were: (1) to describe the relationship between obesity (as measured by BMI and WC) and health-related fitness (including CRF and several components of NMF); (2) to test the hypothesis that health-related fitness is associated with both BMI and WC, independently of each other and of the level of physical activity; (3) to test the hypothesis that the association between BMI and WC is related to both CRF and NMF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waist circumference and BMI are independently associated with the variation of cardio-respiratory and neuromuscular fitness in young adult men

et al. 2006

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Objective: To test two hypotheses: (1) cardiorespiratory (CRF) and neuromuscular (NMF) fitness is associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), independent of each other and of leisure-time physical activity; (2) individuals with high CRF and NMF have lower WC for a given BMI, compared with those with low CRF and NMF. Design: Cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures: Body mass index, WC, maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max), height of vertical jump, number of pushups and sit-ups during a 1-min test, static back extension endurance, isometric grip strength, self-reported leisure-time vigorous physical activity. Multiple linear regressions were used to explain the variation in fitness. Results: Waist circumference had significant (Po0.001) negative association with all test results (standardized beta coefficients from À0.23 to À0.77), except for grip strength. Body mass index had significant negative association with VO 2 max (À0.12; Po0.05), but positive association (Po0.01) with grip strength (0.28), vertical jump (0.21) and push-ups (0.55). For a given BMI, the estimated WC was highest among those with the poorest results for VO 2 max, vertical jump, sit-ups and push-ups. Conclusions: Despite stronger isometric grip strength, the functional muscle fitness of the upper body, trunk and lower extremities is impaired in individuals with abdominal obesity. Although the known loss of CRF is a serious consequence of obesity, the deterioration of NMF deserves increased attention.

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The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity on Cancer Mortality in Women and Men

Abstract: In this study, high fitness was a stronger predictor of cancer mortality in men, whereas high BMI was a stronger predictor of cancer mortality in women.

Cited by 78 publications

References 26 publications

Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self‐reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long‐term prospective cohort study

Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self‐reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long‐term prospective cohort study

Moderate and intense exercise lifestyles attenuate the effects of aging on telomere length and the survival and composition of T cell subpopulations

Waist circumference and BMI are independently associated with the variation of cardio-respiratory and neuromuscular fitness in young adult men

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