The Effect of Cataract on Color Vision Measurement with the Low-Vision Cambridge Colour Test

Jolly, Jasleen K; Pratt, Luke; More, Aman K.; Kwan, Jennifer; Jones, Rebecca; MacLaren, Robert E.; Aslam, Sher A.

doi:10.1016/j.xops.2022.100153

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…When the CCT and CAD z-scores were compared, discrimination along the Y-B axis for CAD was worse than along the tritan axis for the CCT, particularly as blur levels increased (reaching statistical difference at +8.00 D). Both these results and those of others 62 show that discrimination thresholds can depend on practice, but this was only true for the highest level of blur in both tests. The difference was also not likely to be related to the stimulus size (the size of the gap in the letter C for the CCT was 1° vs. a square side size of 1.6° in the CAD, see Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Impact of blur on clinical and occupational colour vision test results

Álvaro,

Formankiewicz,

Waugh

2024

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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PurposeTo evaluate whether colour vision normal (CVN) adults pass two Fletcher–Evans (CAM) lantern tests and to investigate the impact of imposed blur on Ishihara, CAM lantern and computerised colour discrimination test (colour assessment and diagnosis test [CAD] and Cambridge colour test [CCT]) results.MethodsIn a pilot experiment, 20 (16 CVN and 4 colour vision deficient [CVD]) participants with normal VA were tested with the CAM lantern. In the main experiment, the impact of imposed dioptric blur (up to +8.00 D) on visual acuity and the Ishihara test, CAM lantern, CAD and CCT was assessed for 15 CVN participants.ResultsCVN participants can fail the CAM lantern, with specificity of 81.25% (aviation mode) and 75% (clinical mode), despite following the test requirements of participants having at least 0.18 logMAR (6/9) in the better eye. With blur, test accuracy was affected. As expected, significant detrimental effects of blur on test results were found for logMAR VA and CAM lantern (aviation) with +1.00 D or higher. Ishihara, CAD and CCT results were not detrimentally affected until +8.00 D. Yellow‐blue discrimination was more affected by blur for the CAD than the CCT, which was not explained by the different colour spaces used or vectors tested.ConclusionFalse‐positive findings on lantern colour vision tests with small apertures are likely to be increased in patients with blur due to uncorrected refractive error or ocular and visual pathway disease. Other colour vision tests with larger stimuli are more robust to blur.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Impact of blur on clinical and occupational colour vision test results

Álvaro,

Formankiewicz,

Waugh

2024

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…Finally, the CCT was not performed in patients with NVAMD due to their lower visual acuity. Although the low-vision Cambridge Color Test (lvCCT) can be used as an alternative in these cases ( Simunovic et al, 1998 ; Jolly et al, 2022 ), our focus was to evaluate early changes before any significant visual alteration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of color vision and pupillary light responses in age-related macular degeneration

Decleva

Vidal

Kreuz

et al. 2023

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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IntroductionAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in developed countries and one of the leading causes of blindness. In this work, we evaluated color vision and the pupil light reflex (PLR) to assess visual function in patients with early and neovascular AMD (NVAMD) compared with the control group.MethodsWe recruited 34 early patients with dry AMD and classified them into two groups following AREDS: 13 patients with NVAMD and 24 healthy controls. Controls and patients with early dry AMD had visual acuity (VA) best or equal to 20/25 (0.098 logMAR). Color vision was assessed in controls and patients with early dry AMD using the Cambridge Color Test (CCT) 2.0 through the Trivector protocol. The PLR was evaluated using a Ganzfeld, controlled by the RETI–port system. The stimuli consisted of 1s blue (470 nm) and red (631 nm) light flashes presented alternately at 2-min intervals. To assess the cone contribution, we used a red flash at 2.4 log cd.m–2, with a blue background at 0.78 log cd.m–2. For rods, we used 470-nm flashes at –3 log cd.m–2, and for the melanopsin function of ipRGCs, we used 470 nm at 2.4 log cd.m–2.ResultsPatients with early dry AMD had reduced color discrimination in all three axes: protan (p = 0.0087), deutan (p = 0.0180), and tritan (p = 0.0095) when compared with the control group. The PLR has also been affected in patients with early dry AMD and patients with NVAMD. The amplitude for the melanopsin-driven response was smaller in patients with early dry AMD (p = 0.0485) and NVAMD (p = 0.0035) than in the control group. The melanopsin function was lower in patients with NVAMD (p = 0.0290) than the control group. For the rod-driven response, the latency was lower in the NVAMD group (p = 0.0041) than in the control group. No changes were found in cone-driven responses between the control and AMD groups.ConclusionPatients with early dry AMD present diffusely acquired color vision alteration detected by CCT. Rods and melanopsin contributions for PLR are affected in NVAMD. The CCT and the PLR may be considered sensitive tests to evaluate and monitor functional changes in patients with AMD.

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“…Veterinary ophthalmologists have traditionally believed that NS causes minimal visual impairment in dogs, 6,13,16 but in people, significant NS is acknowledged to cause visual impairment and is considered an indication for phacoemulsification 17–21 . People with NS report multiple types of visual disturbance, including presbyopia, decreased color perception and contrast sensitivity, and increased glare 19,22,23 . While there are differences between dogs and people, such as the relative lack of yellowing or brunescence in the canine lens compared to the human lens, 13 it is likely that at least some of these visual disturbances are experienced by dogs with NS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[17][18][19][20][21] People with NS report multiple types of visual disturbance, including presbyopia, decreased color perception and contrast sensitivity, and increased glare. 19,22,23 While there are differences between dogs and people, such as the relative lack of yellowing or brunescence in the canine lens compared to the human lens, 13 it is likely that at least some of these visual disturbances are experienced by dogs with NS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying refractive error in companion dogs with and without nuclear sclerosis: 229 eyes from 118 dogs

Francis,

Mowat,

Ludwig

et al. 2023

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between nuclear sclerosis (NS) and refractive error in companion dogs.Animals studiedOne hundred and eighteen companion dogs.ProceduresDogs were examined and found to be free of significant ocular abnormalities aside from NS. NS was graded from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe) using a scale developed by the investigators. Manual refraction was performed. The effect of NS grade on refractive error was measured using a linear mixed effects analysis adjusted for age. The proportion of eyes with >1.5 D myopia in each NS grade was evaluated using a chi‐square test. Visual impairment score (VIS) was obtained for a subset of dogs and compared against age, refractive error, and NS grade.ResultsAge was strongly correlated with NS grade (p < .0001). Age‐adjusted analysis of NS grade relative to refraction showed a mild but not statistically significant increase in myopia with increasing NS grade, with eyes with grade 3 NS averaging 0.58–0.88 D greater myopia than eyes without NS. However, the myopia of >1.5 D was documented in 4/58 (6.9%) eyes with grade 0 NS, 12/91 (13.2%) eyes with grade 1 NS, 13/57 (22.8%) eyes with grade 2 NS, and 7/23 (30.4%) eyes with grade 3 NS. Risk of myopia >1.5 D was significantly associated with increasing NS grade (p = .02). VIS was associated weakly with refractive error, moderately with age, and significantly with NS grade.ConclusionsNS is associated with visual deficits in some dogs but is only weakly associated with myopia. More work is needed to characterize vision in aging dogs.

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The Effect of Cataract on Color Vision Measurement with the Low-Vision Cambridge Colour Test

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Impact of blur on clinical and occupational colour vision test results

Impact of blur on clinical and occupational colour vision test results

Alterations of color vision and pupillary light responses in age-related macular degeneration

Quantifying refractive error in companion dogs with and without nuclear sclerosis: 229 eyes from 118 dogs

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