The Effect of Cellular Network-Based Communication Delays in an EV Aggregator’s Domain on Frequency Regulation Service

Ko, Kabseok; Sung, Dan Keun

doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2731846

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…8 It should be mentioned here that only communication delays from EVs aggregators to EVs are considered in this study because the delays observed in the transmission of regulation signal from ISO to the conventional generators are less significant. [7][8][9][10][11] The primary reason for this assumption is that ISOs usually deploy the communication link between conventional generators and ISOs, independently. Also, communication delay requirements of the link are ensured by the ISOs themselves.…”

Section: Dynamic Model Of Lfc System With Evs Aggregatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, there exist scheduling delays since EVs aggregators have to control both charging and regulation of EVs fleet. 7 Additionally, Ko and Sung 8 showed that the participation of fast-response resources such as EVs with communication delays in frequency regulation service severely affects the stability and frequency regulation of LFC systems when compared with conventional generators.…”

Section: Dynamic Model Of Lfc System With Evs Aggregatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter is preferred due to its less cost, but it is prone to communication delays. 6,7 Despite the fact that the dynamic performance can be improved by integrating EVs into the LFC systems, the delays caused by the integration of EVs can rigorously affect the dynamics and stability of these systems. [8][9][10][11] The response time to the regulation command by Independent System Operator (ISO) is imperative in frequency regulation service.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of load sharing schemes on the stability delay margins computed by Rekasius substitution method in load frequency control system with electric vehicles aggregator

Naveed

Sönmez

Ayasun

2021

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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The impact of load sharing between the electric vehicles (EVs) aggregator and the conventional generator on stability delay margins in a two-area load frequency control (LFC) system is investigated in this work. A frequency-domain Rekasius substitution method is used to compute stability delay margins for different values of proportional-integral (PI) controller gains. The proposed method computes complex roots on the imaginary axis of the quasi-characteristic equation. The substitution first converts the quasi-characteristic equation of the LFC with EVs aggregator (LFC-EVs) system including delay-dependent exponential terms into an ordinary polynomial. Then, the Routh-Hurwitz stability method is applied to find those imaginary roots and the corresponding stability delay margins. The qualitative impact of different sharing schemes between the conventional generator and EVs aggregator and the impact of EVs gains on stability delay margins are thoroughly analyzed, and the results are validated by time domain simulations and quasi-polynomial mapping-based root finder algorithm. It is observed that for any given PI controller gains, stability delay margins decrease when the participation of EVs into the frequency regulation increases.

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Section: Dynamic Model Of Lfc System With Evs Aggregatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dynamic Model Of Lfc System With Evs Aggregatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Impact of load sharing schemes on the stability delay margins computed by Rekasius substitution method in load frequency control system with electric vehicles aggregator

Naveed

Sönmez

Ayasun

2021

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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“…An analytical PID controller based on the fractional-order internal model control method was introduced to improve the power system performance [10]. The authors in [11] studied the impacts of communication delays on EV aggregators domain and consequently, regulation performance. It also propounds an underlying communication network for the EV aggregator controlling a group of EVs at a parking lot.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salp swarm algorithm‐based fractional‐order PID controller for LFC systems in the presence of delayed EV aggregators

Babaei

Lashkari

Safari

et al. 2020

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation

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Electric vehicles (EVs) battery has the ability to enhance the balance between the load demand and power generation units. Random behaviour of owners and EVs low capacity are some factors that develop the EV aggregator notion to increase the EV participation in the ancillary services market. In the presence of EVs aggregator, the frequency control service is capable of causing time-varying delay in load frequency control (LFC) systems. Owing to the dependency of controller effectiveness on its parameters, these parameters should be designed optimally in order to have a better result in an LFC system in the presence of time-varying delay. Therefore, a salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is utilised to adjust the fractional-order proportional integral derivative (PID) (FOPID) controller coefficients. Also, some evaluations are performed about the proposed LFC performance by an integral absolute error, integral time absolute error and mean absolute error indicators. In this study, both single and two-area LFC systems containing EVs aggregator with time-varying delay are simulated and analysed. The results indicate that the proposed controller has fewer frequency variations in contrast to other controllers presented in the case studies. Moreover, it is concluded that the FOPID controller could significantly decrease the overshoot and settling time of the frequency variation signal.

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“…Coordinated bidding is further studied in references [14] and [15], however, in most studies a perfect communication system is assumed. The work presented in [9] assumes an imperfect communication network and quantifies the impacts of jitter delay in ancillary services. The authors assume that PEVs parked at a charging station communicates with power line communication, while the communication between the aggregator and the EVs are performed with the fourth generation (4G) wireless network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Assessment of UK's Cellular Network for Vehicle to Grid Energy Trading: Opportunities for 5G and Beyond

Zeinali

Bayram

Thompson

2020

2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)

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The proliferation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and advances in high-speed low latency communication networks redefine the relationships between electricity providers and endusers. A group of PEV owners, coordinated by an aggregator, can participate in ancillary energy markets to stabilize electricity grids and, in return, receive payments for services rendered. However, PEVs are typically parked across a dispersed region possibly with diverse signal strength and data rates. Vehicleto-Grid (V2G) applications have tight latency (e.g., 500 ms to 2 seconds) and packet-loss requirements, hence, the supporting communication infrastructure should be carefully evaluated for real-world implementations. In this paper, we assess the performance of the internet-based 4G cellular network in the United Kingdom to evaluate these key metrics. We develop a low cost and easy deployable testbed platform to collect and analyze the latency and packet loss rate of different package sizes, transport protocols, and signal strengths. Due to availability of hardware resources and city-wide coverage of 4G networks, a single parking lot to aggregator scenario is emulated. The results show that in most cases current 4G network can deliver packets less than 500ms which is required in fast frequency response applications in the UK. On the other hand, for more complex scenarios such as multi-aggregator to distributed clients, there is a need to use 5G and beyond to meet the latency requirements. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the field testing and assessment of an actual internet-based communication network for V2G applications.

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The Effect of Cellular Network-Based Communication Delays in an EV Aggregator’s Domain on Frequency Regulation Service

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

Impact of load sharing schemes on the stability delay margins computed by Rekasius substitution method in load frequency control system with electric vehicles aggregator

Impact of load sharing schemes on the stability delay margins computed by Rekasius substitution method in load frequency control system with electric vehicles aggregator

Salp swarm algorithm‐based fractional‐order PID controller for LFC systems in the presence of delayed EV aggregators

Performance Assessment of UK's Cellular Network for Vehicle to Grid Energy Trading: Opportunities for 5G and Beyond

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