“…In addition, the left-behind experience causes the loss of human capital (education and ability level) of the new generation of migrant workers [ 35 , 36 ], which makes it difficult for them to qualify for their ideal jobs; they thus only engage in jobs with low technical requirements, high intensity [ 37 ], poor environmental conditions, and low-income levels. At the same time, they cannot fully enjoy social security and social welfare benefits such as medical care and pension, which lead to lower employment quality, wage income, employment stability, and social security [ 38 ]. This reduces their sense of urban identity.…”