The effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the regional blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Łojkowska, Wanda; Ryglewicz, Danuta; Jędrzejczak, Tomasz; Minc, Slawomira; Jakubowska, Teresa; Jarosz, Halina; Bochyńska, Anna

doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00229-6

Cited by 72 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For example, abnormalities in the white matter are present in both VaD (Giovannetti et al, 2001) and AD (Bigler et al, 2003;Tsiskaridze, Shakarishvili, Janelidze, Vashadze & Chikhladze, 1998). In line with these observations is that a cholinergic dysfunction, characteristic for AD, is also observed in VaD (Lojkowska et al, 2003). Furthermore, a 'mixed dementia' subtype, consisting of AD concurrent with cerebrovascular disease, is recognised .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Oosterman

Scherder

2006

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Oosterman

Scherder

2006

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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“…Indeed, cholinergic agents stimulate regional cerebral blood flow in patients with AD or VaD. 16 Experimental studies likewise support the convergence between A␤ and vascular factors in the pathogenesis of dementia. A␤ constricts human cerebral arteries.…”

Section: Neurodegeneration and Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 94%

Less Atherosclerosis and Lower Blood Pressure for a Meaningful Life Perspective With More Brain

2007

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T raditional teaching subdivides the dementia syndrome into neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and mixed variants. In spite of the vast and continuing literature on the dichotomy between AD and VaD, new emerging concepts highlight the role of cardiovascular risk factors in the pathogenesis of AD, especially in older patients. 1,2 Hypertension is the major player in the pathogenesis of stroke, poststroke dementia, and VaD. AD is the most common cause of dementia, contributing from 45% to Ͼ75% of the cases in Asians and whites, respectively. 3 This review will focus on the role of hypertension as a reversible risk factor in the development of dementia, in particular AD. To set the stage, we will first summarize current insights in the epidemiology of AD, the pathogenesis of VaD and AD, and the association between neurodegeneration and atherosclerosis. Epidemiology of DementiaAcross 36 cross-sectional studies, the prevalence of dementia increased exponentially from 0.3% to 1.0% in subjects aged 60 to 64 years to 10% to 20% in octogenarians and to Ͼ40% in the ninth decade of life. 3 In 15 longitudinal studies, the incidence of dementia showed a similar age-related dependency with rates expressed in new cases per 1000 personyears ranging from 0.4 to 4 at 60 to 64 years to 20 to Ͼ40 at 80 to 85 years. 3 Currently, 24.3 million people have dementia with an annual worldwide incidence of 4.6 million new cases. 4

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“…Current neuroprotective treatment options cover all of the molecular targets of the dementia cascades. Interestingly, protective effects of cholinergic agents, especially AChE inhibitors, involve multiple mechanisms (I [48,[127][128][129] ; II [130][131][132] ; III [85,98] ; IV [127,133] ; V [90,133,134] ; references to literature regarding VI and VII can be found throughout this review). Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CaM, calmodulin; Hup A, huperzine A; JAK/STAT, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NGF, nerve growth factor; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; PAF, platelet activating factor.…”

Section: Cholinergic Deficiency In Vad Animal Models and Vad Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment

2009

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Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence. Several studies have recently reported that VaD patients present cholinergic deficits in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that may be closely related to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment. Moreover, cholinergic therapies have shown promising effects on cognitive improvement in VaD patients. The precise mechanisms of these cholinergic agents are currently not fully understood; however, accumulating evidence indicates that these drugs may act through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which the efferent vagus nerve signals suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibit inflammation, although regulation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism, alleviation of apoptosis may also be involved. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the cholinergic treatment strategy for VaD and its relevant mechanisms of anti-inflammation.

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The effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the regional blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Cited by 72 publications

References 34 publications

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Less Atherosclerosis and Lower Blood Pressure for a Meaningful Life Perspective With More Brain

Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment

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