The Effect of Chronic Dietary Acidification Using Ammonium Chloride on Acid-Base and Mineral Metabolism in the Adult Cat

Ching, Shelley; Fettman, Martin J.; Hamar, Dwayne W.; Nagode, Larry A.; Smith, Katharine R.

doi:10.1093/jn/119.6.902

Cited by 101 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Such disorders reported by Ching et al (1989) in the chronic use of 1.5% ammonium chloride; Dow et al (1990) in a diet restricted in potassium and acidified with ammonium chloride; and Izquierdo and Czarnecki-Maulden (1991) with ammonium chloride and calcium, but without any changes to the phosphoric acid in a dose of 0.68%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Regarding the excess of base in the blood, Ching et al (1989) report that urinary acidifiers can cause metabolic acidosis, however, none of the treatments differed from the CD treatment and therefore it is no possible to infer that the acidifier has caused changes in the acid-base equilibrium on the animals. The EB values remained within the reference range species (-1 to -7) (LEE; DROBRAZ, 2003), except for the CD06 treatment which was slightly reduced.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urolithiasis is a disorder of the urinary tract, characterized by the appearance of macroscopic concretions that form in the urinary tract (CONFER;PANCIERA, 1998). When urine is supersaturated and the urine pH is favorable for the crystallization, mineral precipitates out of the solution to form crystals (ROBERTSON et al 2002;HOUSTON et al 2003), which when accumulated can form uroliths (HOUSTON et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary acidifier in diet with high excess base for adult cats

et al. 2013

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Maintaining the pH of urine in the ideal range (6.2 -6.4) is of great importance for health promotion in the lower urinary tract of cats. In the economic and standard feed sector this is a major concern, given that the animal urine tends to be alkaline after food consumption of those commercial segments, which predispose to the formation of struvite urolith. Therefore, this study aimed to study the effects of increasing levels of urinary acidifiers (0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%, on a dry matter base) in feed with high excess base over the acid-basic balance in the organism, apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, urinary pH, hydro-electrolyte balance in cats, as well as the adequacy of equations proposed in the literature to estimate the urinary pH. Twenty-four adult cats, males and females were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of six animals per treatment. The dry matter content of urine presented a quadratic behavior (p<0,05; y = 9.5863 + 3.2299x + 0.7871x 2 R 2 = 99,91%), HCO 3 -, total CO 2 and excess blood base during the period in which the animals were fed were high when including 0.9% acidifier compared to 0.6% (p<0.05). In contrast, the use of the additive did not change the urinary pH, blood electrolyte concentration, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, food and water intake (p>0.05). The equations proposed in the literature, which use excess of base in feed to estimate urinary pH, overestimated the pH values found in this study. Index terms:Feline, blood gas, pH. RESUMOA manutenção do pH da urina na faixa ideal (6,2 -6,4) é de grande importância para a promoção da saúde do trato urinário inferior de felinos. Em alimentos do segmento econômico e standard essa é uma grande preocupação, já que a urina dos animais tende a ser alcalina, após o consumo de alimentos desses segmentos comerciais, predispondo à formação de urólito de estruvita. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de níveis crescentes de acidificante urinário (0,0%; 0,3%; 0,6%; e 0,9%, em base de matéria seca) em alimento com elevado excesso de bases sobre o balanço ácido-básico do organismo, coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, pH urinário, equilíbrio hidro-eletrolítico de gatos, bem como a adequação de equações propostas na literatura para estimar o pH urinário. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro gatos adultos, machos e fêmeas, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, constituído de seis animais por tratamento. A matéria seca da urina apresentou comportamento quadrático (p<0,05; y = 9.5863 + 3.2299x + 0.7871x 2 R 2 = 99,91%), o HCO 3 -, CO 2 total e excesso de bases sanguíneos, no período em que os animais estavam alimentados, apresentaram-se elevados, na inclusão de 0,9% de acidificante em comparação a 0,6% (p<0,05). Em contrapartida, a utilização do aditivo não alterou o pH urinário, a concentração de eletrólitos sanguíneos, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, escore fecal, consumo de alimento e de água (p>0,05). As equações propostas na literatura...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary acidifier in diet with high excess base for adult cats

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“…A pH value of about 6.5 is considered sufficient to dissolve urinary (struvite) calculi. A pH value of 5.8-6.0 in urine is considered as a sign of chronic metabolic acidosis and negative calcium and potassium balance in cats (Ching et al, 1989).…”

Section: Safety For the Target Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium chloride for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats

2012

EFS2

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Ammonium chloride is applied as an acidity regulator of feed for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats. Its efficacy as an acidity regulator of feed has not been demonstrated. However, ammonium chloride effectively reduces the pH of the urine in ruminants, dogs and cats. The effective minimum dose depends on the anion-cation ratio of the diet. The safety of ammonium chloride is assessed on the basis of open literature with a certain level of uncertainty. The sensitivity of the target species to dietary ammonium chloride appears to be different, ruminants showing a higher tolerance than dogs. High doses (> 1 % ammonium chloride in complete feed) result in metabolic acidosis and an increase in renal excretion of calcium and magnesium, and also potassium in cats and dogs. A feed concentration of 1 % ammonium chloride is considered safe for ruminants for approximately three months. For an unlimited period of administration, 0.5 % ammonium chloride in complete feed for ruminants, cats and dogs should not be exceeded. As both ions of ammonium chloride will be rapidly excreted, no increase in the endogenous concentration of these ions in tissues and products is expected. The use of ammonium chloride in animal nutrition does not therefore raise any concerns for consumer safety. Ammonium chloride is an eye irritant, a potential irritant to skin and the digestive tract and potentially harmful if swallowed, may cause systemic toxicity by acidosis, and should be considered as a skin sensitiser. Ammonium chloride fumes are regarded as a potential respiratory sensitiser. Ammonium chloride will not be excreted as such, but rather as urea and ammonium and chloride ions. All these compounds are natural substances in animal excreta. The use of ammonium chloride at dietary levels considered safe for ruminants does not therefore pose a risk for the environment. © European Food SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on an application for the re-authorisation of ammonium chloride when used as an acidity regulator in feed for dogs and cats, and for a new use of ammonium chloride as an acidity regulator in feed for bovines and sheep.As no tolerance studies were provided, an assessment of the safety of ammonium chloride for the target species had to be performed on the basis of the open literature. As all these studies were not designed as tolerance studies, endpoints differing in their sensitivity were examined. The dog studies showed weaknesses in design and reporting and had controversial results. All this together accounts for a certain level of uncertainty, particularly in dogs.A feed concentration of 1 % ammonium chloride is considered safe for ruminants for a restricted period of time (approximately 3 months). For an unlimited period of administration 0.5 % ammonium chloride in the complete feed for ruminants should not be exceeded, particularly considering the variety of feedingstuffs with d...

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“…Très sensible aux variations du pH urinaire, la kaliurie augmenterait de 10 à 15 % lors d'acidose (19). La fonction rénale serait affectée par l'hypokaliémie (par la réduction du taux de filtration glomérulaire de plus de 20 %).…”

Section: Il -Complications Potentielles Des Régimes Acidifiants Préveunclassified

Alimentation minérale et urolithiases félines

Wolter¹

1998

bavf

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The Effect of Chronic Dietary Acidification Using Ammonium Chloride on Acid-Base and Mineral Metabolism in the Adult Cat

Cited by 101 publications

References 40 publications

Urinary acidifier in diet with high excess base for adult cats

Urinary acidifier in diet with high excess base for adult cats

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium chloride for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats

Alimentation minérale et urolithiases félines

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