The Effect of Cigareté Smoking on Gingival Bleeding

Dietrich, Thomas; Bernimoulin, Jean‐Pierre; Glynn, Robert J.

doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.1.16

Cited by 177 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In the present analyses, the assessment of gingivitis susceptibility was therefore restricted to sites without attachment loss. Furthermore, the analysis was restricted to never-smokers and ex-smokers who had quit at least 5 yrs previously, because of the strong suppressive effect of smoking on gingival bleeding (Bergström and Preber, 1986;Dietrich et al, 2004). Adjustment for smoking status (never vs. former) yielded identical results (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Hence, once periodontitis is established, gingival bleeding due to gingivitis is impossible to distinguish from that due to periodontitis. Sites affected by periodontitis have showed more gingival bleeding, even if bleeding on probing was assessed at the marginal gingiva (Dietrich et al, 2004). In the present analyses, the assessment of gingivitis susceptibility was therefore restricted to sites without attachment loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men

et al. 2006

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The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether gingivitis susceptibility is associated with periodontitis. We analyzed data of 462 men in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study aged 47 to 92 years who had never smoked or had quit smoking 5+ years previously. Multiple logistic regression models, with tooth-level bleeding on probing at sites with attachment loss ≤ 2 mm as the dependent variable, were derived with adjustment for plaque, calculus, crown coverage, age, income, education, marital status, body mass index, diabetes, and vitamin C intake, and stratification by age (< 65, 65+ years). Periodontitis and mean attachment loss were positively associated with bleeding on probing, with stronger associations among men < 65 years old (for periodontitis, OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5, 3.1) than men 65+ years of age (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9, 1.6). Our results suggest that among never and former smokers, gingivitis susceptibility is higher among men with periodontitis compared with that in men without periodontitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men

et al. 2006

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“…11 Studies showed that the hemorrhagic responsiveness of the periodontium is suppressed by smoking. 12,13 There is a chronic reduction in blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid.…”

Section: Declaration Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of systemic antibiotics in the periodontal treatment of smokers. The selection criteria were as follows: controlled randomized clinical trials; studies published in English; studies with smoker patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis; patients without systemic diseases; studies that used systemic antibiotic therapy associated with periodontal treatment; studies that presented results for the test and control groups and assessments of clinical periodontal parameters, such as probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL). The differences in average weights were calculated with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% for PD reduction, CAL gain and BOP. The means of the periodontal clinical parameters were compared between the baseline and post-treatment periods between the test groups and the control groups. The heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q test (Q (df = 3), α = 5%). A total of 67 articles were found, and after the selection process, three randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicate that SRP associated with systemic antibiotics promoted additional benefits when compared to SRP alone, with a greater reduction of PD (p = 0.0359, CI = -0.42, -0.01) and a gain of CAL (p = 0.0161, CI = -0.39, -0.04). There was a modest PD reduction (PD, DM -0.21) and a modest CAL gain (CAL, DM -0.22). The results of our meta-analysis reveal the clinical benefits of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to the non-surgical periodontal treatment of smokers. These clinical improvements, although statistically significant, appeared to be of little clinical relevance.

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“…High cigarette consumption amplifies clinical manifestations of chronic periodontal disease and demands increased treatment needs (Dietrich et al. 2004, Susin et al. 2004, Do et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

Site‐specific treatment outcome in smokers following 12 months of supportive periodontal therapy

Bunæs

Lie

Åstrøm

et al. 2016

J Clinic Periodontology

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AimTo evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal health at patient, tooth, and site levels following supportive therapy.Materials and MethodsEighty chronic periodontitis patients, 40 smokers and 40 non‐smokers, were recruited to a single‐arm clinical trial. Periodontal examinations were performed at baseline (T0), 3 months following active periodontal therapy (T1), and 12 months following supportive periodontal therapy (T2). Smoking status was validated measuring serum cotinine levels. Probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) was defined as the primary outcome. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for clustered observations of patients, teeth, and sites and mixed effects models were employed to analyse the data.ResultsAll clinical parameters improved from T0 to T2 (p < 0.001), whereas PD, bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PI) increased from T1 to T2 in smokers and non‐smokers (p < 0.001). An overall negative effect of smoking was revealed at T2 (OR = 2.78, CI: 1.49, 5.18, p < 0.001), with the most pronounced effect at maxillary single‐rooted teeth (OR = 5.08, CI: 2.01, 12.78, p < 0.001). At the patient level, less variation in treatment outcome was detected within smokers (ICC = 0.137) compared with non‐smokers (ICC = 0.051).ConclusionSmoking has a negative effect on periodontal health following 12 months of supportive therapy, in particular at maxillary single‐rooted teeth.

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The Effect of Cigareté Smoking on Gingival Bleeding

Abstract: Smoking exerts a strong, chronic, and dose-dependent suppressive effect on gingival bleeding on probing.

Cited by 177 publications

References 35 publications

Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men

Gingivitis Susceptibility and its Relation to Periodontitis in Men

Antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Site‐specific treatment outcome in smokers following 12 months of supportive periodontal therapy

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