The Effect of CO2 on Wax Appearance Temperature of Crude Oils

Phase Equilibria of Waxy Live Oil Systems Containing CO2: Experimental Measurements and Thermodynamic Modeling

“…It can be observed that increasing the CO 2 content of a mixture reduces its WDT. This result is consistent with the findings from the literature review as well as those from a previously published article . This also proves the ability of CO 2 as a light end gas to extract heavier components from oil systems, making it a flow improver with the chance of keeping the system’s WDT below the surrounding temperature.…”

Experimental study of the effects of a magnetic field/magnetic field-ferromagnetic nanocomposite pour point depressant on wax deposition

“…31–33 Continuing efforts have been dedicated to deducing and simplifying Avrami's original equation, 34,35 especially application in bulk crystallization. For waxy oils, 36,37 the Avrami equation can be written as follows:log[−ln(1 − X ( t ))] = log K + n log( t )where X ( t ) is the degree of crystallinity and t is the time (min). By plotting log[−ln(1 − X ( t ))] versus log( t ) and fitting linearly using the least-square method, the slope of the straight-line n and the intersection K , which is related to the crystal morphology and quantity, can be extracted.…”

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

“…Paraffin waxes deposits on to the pipeline wall particularly when the temperature of the crude oil is below the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) or when there is a temperature differential between the crude oil and the pipeline(dos Santos et al 2004 ; Hosseinipour et al 2016 ; Jang et al 2007 ; Ridzuan et al, 2014 ; Wei et al 2015 ; Zheng et al 2016 ). WAT is defined as the temperature where the first wax crystals start to form during the cooling of the crude oil (Aiyejina et al 2011 ).…”