The Effect of Cognitive Load on Electrotactile Communication via a Multi-pad Electrode

Jure, Fabricio Ariel; Spaich, Erika G.; Petrini, Laura; Došen, Strahinja

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16281-7_50

Cited by 2 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…22 Furthermore, we have also previously demonstrated that the spatiotemporal encoding scheme can be extended to include a second information level (priority) using frequency modulation, thereby increasing the communication bandwidth. 32 The present study supports these results as all participants could reach the threshold performance (>80%), which was a requirement to continue with the multitasking condition.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…These frequencies were selected according to prior research. 22,32 Messages were presented one, three, and five times (see the Experimental Procedure section). A single message lasted 6 × 750 ms (# pads × stimulation per pad), and there was no pause between the repetitions (i.e., the next repetition started as soon as the previous one finished).…”

Section: Encoding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As previously stated, a strategy based on prolonging the message duration was shown ineffective. 32 The number of repetitions was determined in a pilot study. To this aim, five participants performed two conditions during the task-switching paradigm: no-repetition (No-REP) and 2-repetitions (REP2).…”

Section: Encoding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, the impact of a cognitively demanding task on the recognition of electrotactile messages delivered using spatiotemporal encoding was investigated. 32 It was evaluated if prolonging the message delivery time would improve communication during multitasking. Unexpectedly, the results showed that the proposed approach was ineffective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving electrotactile communication with a multi‐pad electrode under cognitive load

Jure,

Spaich,

Petrini

et al. 2023

Artificial Organs

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BackgroundElectrotactile systems are compact interfaces that can be used to convey information through the skin by producing a range of haptic sensations. In many applications, however, the user needs to perceive and interpret haptic stimulation while being engaged in parallel activities. Developing methods that ensure reliable recognition of electrotactile messages despite additional cognitive load is, therefore, an important step for the practical application of electrotactile displays.MethodsThis study investigated if a simple strategy of repeating electrotactile messages can improve message identification during multitasking. Ten participants identified 36 spatiotemporal electrotactile messages delivered through a 3 × 2 pad–matrix electrode placed on the torso while performing a concomitant cognitive task in three conditions: the messages were presented once (No‐REP), and each message was repeated three (REP3) and five (REP5) times. The main outcome measure was the success rate (SR) of message identification.ResultsDuring multitasking, in the No‐REP condition, the SR (median (IQR)) dropped to 56.25% (22.62%), demonstrating that the cognitive task decreased performance. However, the SR significantly improved with message repetitions, reaching 72.92% (21.87%) and 81.25% (18.66%) in REP3 and REP5 conditions respectively, without a statistically significant difference between REP3 and REP5.ConclusionsMultitasking affected the efficacy of haptic communication, but message repetition was shown to be an effective strategy for improving performance. Additionally, only three repetitions were enough, as an additional increase in the duration of message transmission (5 repetitions) did not lead to further improvement. This study is an important step toward delivering electrotactile communication that can cope with the demands of real‐world applications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Encoding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Encoding Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Improving electrotactile communication with a multi‐pad electrode under cognitive load

Jure,

Spaich,

Petrini

et al. 2023

Artificial Organs

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“…The electrode was designed based on the project requirements. The preliminary psychometric evaluation of this system confirmed that this design choice was suitable for the application of interest [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]. The electrode design considered six smaller circle-shaped pads and two larger pads with rounded rectangle shape ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Electrotactile Communication via Matrix Electrode Placed on the Torso Using Fast Calibration, and Static vs. Dynamic Encoding

Malešević¹,

Kostić²,

Jure

et al. 2022

Sensors

Self Cite

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Electrotactile stimulation is a technology that reproducibly elicits tactile sensations and can be used as an alternative channel to communicate information to the user. The presented work is a part of an effort to develop this technology into an unobtrusive communication tool for first responders. In this study, the aim was to compare the success rate (SR) between discriminating stimulation at six spatial locations (static encoding) and recognizing six spatio-temporal patterns where pads are activated sequentially in a predetermined order (dynamic encoding). Additionally, a procedure for a fast amplitude calibration, that includes a semi-automated initialization and an optional manual adjustment, was employed and evaluated. Twenty subjects, including twelve first responders, participated in the study. The electrode comprising the 3 × 2 matrix of pads was placed on the lateral torso. The results showed that high SRs could be achieved for both types of message encoding after a short learning phase; however, the dynamic approach led to a statistically significant improvement in messages recognition (SR of 93.3%), compared to static stimulation (SR of 83.3%). The proposed calibration procedure was also effective since in 83.8% of the cases the subjects did not need to adjust the stimulation amplitude manually.

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The Effect of Cognitive Load on Electrotactile Communication via a Multi-pad Electrode

Cited by 2 publications

References 15 publications

Improving electrotactile communication with a multi‐pad electrode under cognitive load

Improving electrotactile communication with a multi‐pad electrode under cognitive load

Electrotactile Communication via Matrix Electrode Placed on the Torso Using Fast Calibration, and Static vs. Dynamic Encoding

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