The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition

Earnest, Conrad P.; Snell, Peter G.; Rodriguez, Ramsey; Almada, Anthony L.; Mitchell, Tedd L.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09854.x

Cited by 264 publications

(163 citation statements)

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“…skeletal muscle; protein turnover THE USE OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION as an ergogenic aid has increased markedly, especially among athletes requiring high power outputs during so-called explosive events. In investigating the possible mechanisms for the claimed improvements in performance, many workers have reported that creatine supplementation is accompanied by a significant increase in lean body mass (1,2,4,9,14). There is evidence that the increase in muscle mass does not simply represent an increase in total body water but is mainly intracellular, suggesting that the body cell dry mass has increased (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise

Louis

Poortmans²,

Francaux³

et al. 2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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. No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285: E1089-E1094, 2003. First published June 24, 2003 10.1152/ajpendo.00195.2003.-Muscle hypertrophy during resistance training is reportedly increased by creatine supplementation. Having previously failed to find an anabolic effect on muscle protein turnover at rest, either fed or fasted, we have now examined the possibility of a stimulatory effect of creatine in conjunction with acute resistance exercise. Seven healthy men (body mass index, 23 Ϯ 2 kg/m 2 , 21 Ϯ 1 yr, means Ϯ SE) performed 20 ϫ 10 repetitions of leg extension-flexion at 75% one-repetition maximum in one leg, on two occasions, 4 wk apart, before and after ingesting 21 g/day creatine for 5 days. The subjects ate ϳ21 g maltodextrin ϩ 6 g protein/h for 3 h postexercise. We measured incorporation of [1-13 C]leucine into quadriceps muscle proteins in the rested and exercised legs. Leg protein breakdown (as dilution of [ 2 H5]phenylalanine) was also assessed in the exercised and rested leg postexercise. Creatine supplementation increased muscle total creatine by ϳ21% (P Ͻ 0.01). Exercise increased the synthetic rates of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins by two-to threefold (P Ͻ 0.05), and leg phenylalanine balance became more positive, but creatine was without any anabolic effect. skeletal muscle; protein turnover THE USE OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION as an ergogenic aid has increased markedly, especially among athletes requiring high power outputs during so-called explosive events. In investigating the possible mechanisms for the claimed improvements in performance, many workers have reported that creatine supplementation is accompanied by a significant increase in lean body mass (1,2,4,9,14). There is evidence that the increase in muscle mass does not simply represent an increase in total body water but is mainly intracellular, suggesting that the body cell dry mass has increased (10). Also, there are a number of reports showing increases in muscle fiber area as a result of consuming creatine while training using resistance exercise (29, 30) or during treatment of patients with muscle atrophy (13, 28).The mechanism of the creatine-associated effect on muscle mass is unknown. If it is the result of a direct effect of creatine, it should stimulate muscle protein synthesis or decrease muscle protein breakdown. Increased creatine availability has been reported in studies of animal skeletal and cardiac muscle in vitro to stimulate protein synthesis (15,16,33), although other investigators (11) were unable to confirm this.In starting to investigate the possible effects on human muscle, we began by studying the effect of creatine supplementation on human muscle protein turnover at rest in the fasted and fed conditions (20). In that study, we measured myofibrillar protein synthesis and leg protein breakdown in healthy young men before and after 5 days of dietary creatine supplementation sufficient to r...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise

Louis

Poortmans²,

Francaux³

et al. 2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…ergogenic aid; osmosensing; cell signaling; cDNA microarray; realtime PCR CREATINE MONOHYDRATE (CrM) supplementation has a number of biochemical and physiological effects and enhances muscle performance in humans (89). Intracellular phosphocreatine (PCr) functions as an energy buffer to prevent ATP depletion in the skeletal muscle, especially during short-duration repetitive high-intensity exercise bouts (22,43,75,89). Following the intake of 20 g CrM/day for 4 -7 days (2, 29, 33) or 3 g CrM/day for 4 -12 wk (4,46,91,94), skeletal muscle total creatine and PCr increase by 10 -20%.…”

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confidence: 99%

Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation

Safdar

Yardley

Snow

et al. 2008

Physiological Genomics

125

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Safdar A, Yardley NJ, Snow R, Melov S, Tarnopolsky MA. Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation. Physiol Genomics 32: 219-228, 2008. First published October 23, 2007 doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00157.2007.-Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation has been shown to increase fat-free mass and muscle power output possibly via cell swelling. Little is known about the cellular response to CrM. We investigated the effect of short-term CrM supplementation on global and targeted mRNA expression and protein content in human skeletal muscle. In a randomized, placebocontrolled, crossover, double-blind design, 12 young, healthy, nonobese men were supplemented with either a placebo (PL) or CrM (loading phase, 20 g/day ϫ 3 days; maintenance phase, 5 g/day ϫ 7 days) for 10 days. Following a 28-day washout period, subjects were put on the alternate supplementation for 10 days. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained and were assessed for mRNA expression (cDNA microarrays ϩ real-time PCR) and protein content (Kinetworks KPKS 1.0 Protein Kinase screen). CrM supplementation significantly increased fat-free mass, total body water, and body weight of the participants (P Ͻ 0.05). Also, CrM supplementation significantly upregulated (1.3-to 5.0-fold) the mRNA content of genes and protein content of kinases involved in osmosensing and signal transduction, cytoskeleton remodeling, protein and glycogen synthesis regulation, satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA replication and repair, RNA transcription control, and cell survival. We are the first to report this large-scale gene expression in the skeletal muscle with short-term CrM supplementation, a response that suggests changes in cellular osmolarity. ergogenic aid; osmosensing; cell signaling; cDNA microarray; realtime PCR CREATINE MONOHYDRATE (CrM) supplementation has a number of biochemical and physiological effects and enhances muscle performance in humans (89). Intracellular phosphocreatine (PCr) functions as an energy buffer to prevent ATP depletion in the skeletal muscle, especially during short-duration repetitive high-intensity exercise bouts (22,43,75,89). Following the intake of 20 g CrM/day for 4 -7 days (2, 29, 33) or 3 g CrM/day for 4 -12 wk (4,46,91,94), skeletal muscle total creatine and PCr increase by 10 -20%. Short-term CrM supplementation increases muscle force and/or power (2,3,7,8,10,18,29,59,96), whereas chronic CrM supplementation in conjunction with weight training increases maximal muscle strength and power, fat-free mass (FFM), muscle fiber size, total body water, and total body weight (47, 91, 94) compared with placebo. The increase in FFM and total body weight is partly due to fluid retention in myocytes caused by the osmotic potential of high intracellular CrM abundance (45,47,60). Whether the aforementioned phenotypic effects are due to energy buffering, physiochemical attributes of the compound, cell volume regulation, ...

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“…As shown in the The results of these studies suggest that the ergogenic effects of Cr may be somewhat sport or event specific, with little or no apparent benefit for swimming sprints 10,39 or tennis stroke power or precision, 40 but with more consistent benefits associated with bench press, 2,5,15,34,55,56 leg press, 2,5,15,34,55-57 squats, 5,29,34,55 and jumping. 8,29,55,56 Performance in running sprints was improved in most, 8,14,25,29 but not all studies, 40 and inconsistent results have been observed for cycling sprint performance, with benefits observed in several studies, 7,11,15,16,47,58 while not in others. 12,17,49,52,53 Cr supplementation generally has not been associated with improvements in endurance exercise performance, 16,29,52 or a reduction in muscle damage with high-intensity exercise.…”

Section: Effects Of Creatine Supplementation On Performancementioning

confidence: 97%

Creatine Supplementation and Athletic Performance

Racette

2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Nutritional supplements and other ergogenic aids have gained widespread use among professional, amateur, recreational, and student athletes for their potential to enhance athletic performance and provide a competitive edge. Creatine monohydrate is one of the more commonly used and potentially beneficial supplements that currently is viewed to be safe. Supplementation with oral creatine augments skeletal muscle creatine concentrations in most individuals, which has been shown to promote gains in lean body mass when used in conjunction with resistance training, to enhance power and strength, and to improve performance in intense exercise, especially during repeated bouts. Young athletes, however, must be cautious about taking creatine because its effects on growth and development are unknown and long-term safety has not been established. Variability in research study designs and small sample sizes have left many questions unanswered regarding the safety and efficacy of chronic supplementation. This is an active area of clinical investigation and the results of ongoing and future research should guide the appropriate use of creatine to enhance athletic performance among athletes of all ages. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 33: 615-621.

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The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition

Cited by 264 publications

References 4 publications

No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise

No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise

Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation

Creatine Supplementation and Athletic Performance

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