The Effect of Culture on the Sex Differences in Schizophrenia

Cetingok, Muammer; Chu, Chung‐Chou; Park, Doo-Byung

doi:10.1177/002076409003600405

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…An examination of cross-cultural studies provides evidence for the need to expand the current research emphasis in schizophrenia to incorporate gender and, by implication, other sociocultural factors. For example, when age at onset of schizophrenia is examined, studies show a significant cross-cultural sex difference (Sartorious et al 1986; Cetingok et al 1990), with males demonstrating a younger age of onset than females. This consistent finding suggests that sex differences in age of onset are largely biologically based.…”

Section: Why Culture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experience of Schizophrenia: What's Gender Got To Do With It? A Critical Review of the Current Status of Research on Schizophrenia

Nasser

Walders

Jenkins

2002

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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The role of gender in schizophrenia is explored, and literature on gender and schizophrenia is critically reviewed. The importance of investigating gender differences in schizophrenia is underscored by the lack of sufficient research in this area to date and the comparative neglect of sociocultural issues during the "decade of the brain." The importance of incorporating gender factors into research analysis is demonstrated via an interdisciplinary discussion that involves psychiatric, anthropological, and sociological theory. Methodological and measurement issues in gender-based research are considered. Selected directions for future research initiatives that expand beyond a dichotomous comparison of "male" and "female" sex differences to examine the role of gender along a continuum as a sociocultural influence on schizophrenia onset, illness presentation, and treatment are presented.

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Section: Why Culture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experience of Schizophrenia: What's Gender Got To Do With It? A Critical Review of the Current Status of Research on Schizophrenia

Nasser

Walders

Jenkins

2002

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…The prognosis in women is better than men because they tend to develop more frequently positive symptoms, better treatable by neuroleptics, and development of less severe forms (disorganized and paranoid types) [39]. Also women tend to develop more hallucinations [41–43] and men more negative symptoms less treatable by neuroleptics [44–46]. Women require lower doses of neuroleptics than men in sporadic episodes and in relapse prevention [23], and respond better to psychosocial and pharmacological treatment [47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroids‐Dopamine Interactions in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of CNS Disorders

Sánchez

Bourque

Morissette

et al. 2010

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

121

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SUMMARYIntroduction: Dopamine cell loss is well documented in Parkinson's disease and dopamine hypofunction is proposed in certain depressive states. At the opposite, dopamine hyperactivity is an enduring theory in schizophrenia with extensive supporting evidence. Aims: This article reviews the sex differences in these diseases that are the object of many studies and meta-analyses and could be explained by genetic differences but also an effect of steroids in the brain. This article then focuses on the extensive literature reporting on the effect of estrogens in these diseases and effects of the other ovarian hormone progesterone as well as androgens that are less documented. Moreover, dehydroepiandrosterone, the precursor of estrogens and androgens, shows effects on brain dopamine neurotransmission that are reviewed. To investigate the mechanisms implicated in the human findings, animal studies are reviewed showing effects of estrogens, progesterone, and androgens on various markers of dopamine neurotransmission under intact as well as lesioned conditions. Discussion: For possible future avenues for hormonal treatments in these central nervous system diseases, we discuss the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), the various estrogen receptors and their specific drugs as well as progesterone drugs. Conclusion: Clinical and experimental evidence supports a role of steroid-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, depression and Parkinson's disease. Specific steroidal receptor agonists and SERMs are available for endocrine and cancer treatments and could find other applications as adjunct treatments in central nervous system diseases.

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“…In addition, sex differences in the clinical expression of schizophrenia have been observed. For example, female schizophrenics have a higher prevalence for auditory hallucinations than male schizophrenics [30][31][32]. Furthermore, women suffering from schizophrenia have been reported as "hallucinatory, illusionary" with symptoms mimicking affective disorders, whereas men tend to become "dull, autistic" and have an amotivational syndrome with loss of organization and regulation [33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs with Estrogen-like Potency and Brain Activity Potential Therapeutic Application for the CNS

Cyr¹,

Calon²,

Morissette³

et al. 2000

CPD

103

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Numerous reports, ranging from molecular investigations to clinical studies, demonstrate the potency of estrogens to modulate brain function and their implications in schizophrenia and depression. Alterations of dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic neurotransmission through estrogen-mediated mechanisms have been consistently established. Moreover, studies using in vivo and in vitro models as well as epidemiological data suggest that estrogens provide neuroprotection of central nervous system (CNS) cells implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer s (AD) and Parkinson s (PD) diseases. Numerous genomic or non-genomic mechanisms of actions of estrogens in the brain have been documented implicating classical nuclear estrogen receptors as well as possible estrogen membrane receptors, antioxidant activity of steroids, their effect on fluidity as well as on antiapoptotic proteins and growth factors. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic activity depending on the target tissue. Hence, SERMs have the same beneficial effect as estrogen in skeleton and cardiovascular systems but act as antagonists in breast and uterus. The finding of beneficial side effects of SERMs in the CNS might improve their risk-benefit ratio in traditional indications. In this review, we will survey schizophrenia and depression as examples of mental diseases and AD and PD as neurodegenerative diseases. We will review brain effects of estrogens, steroids possibly acting as pro-drugs of estrogens such as testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and present novel findings with SERMs. Drugs with estrogen activity in the brain may have therapeutic potential either by modulating brain neurotransmitter transmission or through neuroprotective activity.

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The Effect of Culture on the Sex Differences in Schizophrenia

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

The Experience of Schizophrenia: What's Gender Got To Do With It? A Critical Review of the Current Status of Research on Schizophrenia

The Experience of Schizophrenia: What's Gender Got To Do With It? A Critical Review of the Current Status of Research on Schizophrenia

Steroids‐Dopamine Interactions in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of CNS Disorders

Drugs with Estrogen-like Potency and Brain Activity Potential Therapeutic Application for the CNS

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