The effect of DDT spraying and bed nets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticide on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection

Luo, Dejun; Renguo, Yao; Song, Jihyun; Hongru, Huo; Wang, Ze

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(94)90200-3

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A previous study in China suggested that the use of pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets significantly reduced the JE incidence in humans in the intervention group compared with the non-intervention group. 28 Bed nets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticide greatly decreased the risk of JEV infection among children under 10 years old, as noted in another study carried out in China.…”

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confidence: 77%

“…This finding is consistent with the view that pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets have only a small effect on outdoor biting densities of mosquitos. 28 Immigration of younger mosquitoes from outside the treated area (pigsty and house) might be another reason for the lack of significant decrease in vector population during the pre-and post-intervention periods. This study reveals that, despite the high preponderance of potential vectors in study localities in the post-intervention period, an encouraging line of defense against circulation of JEV in community through the use of ITMN can be achieved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets (ITMNs) on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Seroconversion in Pigs and Humans

Dutta¹,

Khan²,

Khan³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The effect of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) on Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus seroconversion in pigs and humans was studied in Assam, Northeast India. A sharp reduction of seroconversion rate in human and pig was found in treated localities after intervention. A marked reduction was achieved in humans (risk ratio [RR] = 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-0.49) and pigs (RR = 0.21, CI = 0.11-0.40) in the Kollolua locality where ITMNs were used on both humans and pigs compared with the other two area, Athabari and Rajmai, where ITMNs were covering only either humans or pigs. Monitoring of the mosquito population in and around cattle sheds during dusk revealed no significant decline ( P > 0.05) of vector density during the post-intervention period in study localities. In spite of the high preponderance of potential JE vector outdoors during the post-intervention period, an encouraging line of defense against circulation of JE virus through the use of ITMNs can be achieved in endemic areas.

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confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets (ITMNs) on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Seroconversion in Pigs and Humans

Dutta¹,

Khan²,

Khan³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In studies conducted in central China, bed netting without chemical impregnation did not protect children against JE, but pyrethroid treatment of bed nets in late May or June conferred protective efficacies of 28-48%. 40,41 Insecticides for bed net impregnation are not widely available for use in northern Vietnam. It has been well established that the mosquito vector of JE, Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tritaeniorhynchus, tends to bite much more frequently outdoors than indoors, which would explain why such household protection measures as bed netting, window coverings or DDT residual indoor spraying are likely to have only limited impact. [40][41][42] Since indoor protection measures are marginally effective, and outdoor application of insecticide is not feasible because of the vast breeding reservoirs of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, vaccination is the most promising means of reducing the incidence of JE in Vietnam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Japanese encephalitis among hospitalized pediatric and adult patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Hanoi, Vietnam 1995.

Lowry¹,

Truong²,

Hinh³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The etiologic spectrum of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) has not been well defined in Vietnam. Cohort and case-control studies were performed on all adult and pediatric AES patients admitted to the Neurology Service of Bach Mai Hospital between June 5 and August 3, 1995. Among pediatric AES patients, 31 (67%) of 46 had acute Japanese encephalitis (JE), compared with only two (6%) of 33 adult AES patients (P Ͻ 0.0001). For confirmed JE cases, serum specimens obtained 15-21 days after symptom onset had the highest mean anti-JE IgM signal-to-noise (P/N) ratios (8.08 ϩ 1.09 SE). A serosurvey of adult household members did not reveal any cases of recent subclinical JE infection, although 26% had evidence of past JE infection. The use of bed netting was nearly universal but did not appear to reduce the risk of AES or JE. Given the high incidence of JE, particularly among children, Vietnam seems well suited for the development of a targeted JE vaccination strategy.Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, an arthropod-borne pathogen, is the most common documented cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, and potentially ranks only after human immunodeficiency virus as the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the world. 1 The JE virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family, is transmitted chiefly by mosquitoes of the Culex tritaeniorhynchus complex, and causes up to 50,000 cases annually in a broad geographic range extending from Japan and the People's Republic of China in the east to the Indian subcontinent in the West and to Oceania. 2 In Southeast Asia, the incidence of JE appears to be increasing, probably as a result of a steady rise in population density, deforestation, and increasing irrigation of agricultural areas. 3 Province-specific attack rates in northern Thailand are reported to be 10-20 per 100,000, making the incidence of the disease similar to that observed for poliomyelitis in the United States before the use of the Salk and Sabin vaccines. 4 The fatality rate for JE is generally high (5-30%), and approximately one-third of survivors suffer serious neurologic sequelae. [5][6][7] In addition, the social prognosis for handicapped survivors of JE is often poor in developing countries.Though viral encephalitis is a pressing public health problem in Vietnam, identification of the leading agents responsible for the acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) has been difficult. The development of the sandwich IgM ELISA test has greatly simplified the diagnosis of acute JE, but this test is generally not available in Vietnam. 8,9 From a perspective of disease surveillance and control, it is important to differentiate JE from other causes of AES, in part because JE is the only arbovirus encephalitis that can be prevented on a large scale by vaccination. We conducted the present study to determine the proportion of AES cases in children and adults that are due to JE, to investigate risk factors for acquisition of AES, and to assess the efficacy of household mosquito protection measures in the absence of a JE vaccin...

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“…For example, in Assam, India, a sharp reduction in JE sero-conversion rates in people and pigs was achieved when insecticide treated nets were used in both people and pigs [24]. Similarly, a population based case-control study in China found that use of insecticide treated nets was associated with significant reduction in JE cases [25].There were significant differences in use of various mosquito control techniques in different districts in our study, often related to socio-economic factors. For example, the use of window screen was higher in Rupandehi because the pig farmers more often had permanent houses with windows compared to pig farmers of Kathmandu, Morang and Kapilvastu districts who often lived in homes without windows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Variation in Pig Farmer Awareness and Actions Regarding Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal: Implications for Public Health Education

et al. 2014

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that has pigs as the major amplifying hosts. It is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in people in Nepal and is spreading in its geographic distribution in that country. Pig farming is increasing in Nepal due to reducing cultural biases against pigs and government programs to support pig farming for poverty alleviation. Major strategies for JE prevention and control include education, vector control, and immunization of people and pigs. This study used a survey of 400 pig farmers in 4 areas of Nepal with different JE and pig farming histories to explore regional variations in farmer awareness and actions towards JE, the association of awareness and actions with farm and farmer variables, and the implications of these associations for public health education. Exposure to JE risk factors was common across pig farms and pig farming districts but there were significant district level differences in knowledge and practices related to on-farm JE risk reduction. Social factors such as literacy, gender, and cultural practices were associated with farmer attitudes, knowledge and practices for JE control. JE vaccine uptake was almost non-existent and mosquito control steps were inconsistently applied across all 4 districts. Income was not a determining factor of the differences, but all farmers were very poor. The low uptake of vaccine and lack of infrastructure or financial capacity to house pigs indoors or away from people suggest that farmer personal protection should be a priority target for education in Nepal. This study re-enforces the need to attack root causes of people’s personal disease prevention behaviours and take into account local variation in needs and capacities when designing health or agriculture education programs.

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The effect of DDT spraying and bed nets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticide on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

The Effect of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets (ITMNs) on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Seroconversion in Pigs and Humans

The Effect of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets (ITMNs) on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Seroconversion in Pigs and Humans

Japanese encephalitis among hospitalized pediatric and adult patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Hanoi, Vietnam 1995.

Regional Variation in Pig Farmer Awareness and Actions Regarding Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal: Implications for Public Health Education

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