The Effect Of Delayed Side-Tone Upon Vocal Rate And Intensity

Delayed auditory feedback and rhythmic tapping: Evidence for a critical interval shift

“…As has been repeatedly demonstrated, adult speech is maximally disrupted by a delay of about 200 msec, with decreasing impairment at either lesser or greater amounts of delay (Black, 1951;Butler & Galloway, 1957;Fairbanks, 1955;MacKay, 1968). Such a critical interval raises problems for feedback control theories, which would predict that impairment should get worse with increasing delay; for example, according to Lee's (1950) proposal, there should be even more repetitions with longer delays.…”

“…Delayed auditory feedback (DAF), a manipulation in which the sound resulting from a person's actions reaches the ears after a short delay, has been repeatedly shown to disrupt human speech (see Black, 1951, andLee, 1950, for early reports; see Yates, 1963a, for an early review; see Fabbro & Daro, 1995, Harrington, 1988, and Zimmerman, Brown, Kelso, Hurtig, & Forrest, 1988, for more recent work). The impairment demonstrated under DAF includes decreased speech rate, increased loudness, and dysfluencies of various kinds, including syllable repetitions and vowel prolongations.…”

Speech production: Evidence for syntactically and phonologically determined units

“…As mentioned previously, several investigators (Black, 1951;Fairbanks, 1955;Lee, 1950;Ringel & Steer, 1963) have reported that mean syllabic duration and total phonation time increase under conditions involving masked or delayed auditory feedback. In all of these experiments, subjects were required to read prose passages or other forms of syntactically structured material.…”

Relationships between oral sensory feedback skills and adaptation to delayed auditory feedback

“…With the development of instruments that can produce DAF, researchers have been able to stimulate stutteringlike speech behaviors and adaptation of those behaviors in normal speakers within the context of investigating the role that auditory feedback plays in speech monitoring and control (e.g., Atkinson, 19.53;Black, 1951;Burke, 1975;Fairbanks, 1955;Kramer, 1972;Lee, 1951;Tiffany and Hanley, 1956).. Adaptation to DAF is the decrease, over successive oral readings of the same passage under DAF conditions, of the nonfluencies, articulation errors, and other speech errors that result from the disruptive effects of DAF on speech.…”