The effect of dietary ascorbate, zinc, and manganese on the development of experimentally induced bacterial kidney disease in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Bell, Gordon R.; Higgs, David A.; Traxler, G. S.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90323-5

Cited by 88 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The disease can be transmitted directly by the feeding of raw viscera from infected fish (Wood & Wallis 1955) or horizontally from infected fish sharing the same water supply (Mitchum & Sherman 1981, Bell et al 1984. It is the only bacterial disease of fishes that O Inter-Research/Printed in F. R. Germany has conclusively been shown to be transmitted vertically (Bullock et al 1978, Evelyn et al 1 9 8 6~) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes

Elliott¹,

Pascho²,

Bullock³

1989

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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ABSTRACT. Bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes, caused by Renibactenum salrnoninarum, was first reported more than 50 yr ago; nevertheless, large gaps persist in our knowledge of the infectionparticularly in methods for its control. In the 1950's, principal control measures consisted of prophylactic or therapeutic feeding of sulfonamides, which were later supplanted by the antibiotic erythromycin. Chemotherapy has effected some reduction of mortality, but benefits are typically transient and mortality usually resumes after the drug is withdrawn. Some studies have indicated that diet composition affects the prevalence and severity of the disease. Although tests of chemotherapeutants and diet modification have continued, research emphasis has shifted partly toward prevention of the disease by breaking the infection cycle. It is now generally accepted that R. salrnoninarum can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Experimental ev~dence indicates that immersion of newly fertilized eggs in iodophor or erythromycin does not prevent vertical transmission. However, the injection of female salmon with erythromycin before they spawn shows promise as a practical means of interrupting vertical transmission. The results of attempts to prevent infection of juvenile salmonids by vaccination against bacterial kidney disease have been disappointing, thus underscoring a basic need for a better understanding of protective mechanisms in salmonids. The recent development of more sensitive and quantitative detection methods should aid in evaluating the efficacy of current and future control strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes

Elliott¹,

Pascho²,

Bullock³

1989

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Deficiencies of some vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional components have been shown to reduce the immunocompetence of fish (Bell et al 1984;Hardie et al 1990Hardie et al , 1991. Current aquaculture practice is invariably associated with various stresses which cause immunosuppression in fish (Cruz et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Muthappa

Gupta

Yengkokpam

et al. 2014

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different lipotropes in modulating immunity and biochemical plasticity under conditions of sublethal low-dose pesticide-induced stress in fish. Labeo rohita fish fingerlings were divided in two sets with one set of fish continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan (1/10th of 96-h LC 50 ) for 21 days, the other was unexposed, and both sets of fish were fed with practical diets supplemented with either 2 % lecithin, 0.5 % betaine, or 0.1 % choline and compared against unsupplemented diet. Low-dose endosulfan exposure had adverse effects (P<0.05/P<0.01) on hematological profile (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), serum protein (total protein, albumin, and globulin) and lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), anti-oxidative status (ascorbic acid content of muscle, liver, brain, and kidney and activity of anti-oxidative enzymes: catalase and superoxide dismutase), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and brain), immunological attributes (WBC count, albumin to globulin ratio, phagocytic activity, and serum cortisol), and metabolic plasticity as revealed from enzyme activities (muscle lactate dehydrogenase, liver and kidney glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase-G6PDH activity). Dietary lipotropes prevented these effects completely or partially and the effects were lipotrope dependent. Kinetics (maximum velocity value V max , catalytic efficiency and Michaelis constant K m ) of G6PDH enzyme from crude extracts of liver and kidney indicated inhibition due to endosulfan but lipotropes could protect enzyme and showed a stabilizing effect. The supplements also helped maintain integrity of histoarchitecture of the hepatocytes in endosulfan-exposed fish to a great extent. Feeding lipotropes to fish reared in endosulfan-free water also improved hematological and serum protein and lipid profiles and were immunostimulatory. In conclusion, dietary lipotropes, especially betaine and lecithin at the levels used, improve erythropoiesis, serum protein and lipid profile, anti-oxidant status, immunocompetence, neurotransmission, and protect the livers of L. rohita fingerlings even when continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan.

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“…Park (1985) and Raymond (1988) suggested that bacterial kidney disease (BKD) caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum may significantly reduce survival of spring chinook salmon smolts. This is a chronic systemic disease that is transmitted vertically (Bullock et al 1978, Evelyn et al 1986b) and horizontally (Mitchum & Sherman 1981, Bell et al 1984. The disease is considered to be more severe in spring chinook salmon than in many other salmonids (Bullock & Wolf 1986), and is widespread among spring chinook salmon in hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest (Raymond 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%